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Essentials pf Psychology
CH 13-14
48
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
07/26/2010

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
How is psychotherapy defined?
Definition
treatment of psychological disorders thru psychological methods such as analyzing problems, talking about possible solutions, and encouraging more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
Term
What are the common features for all treatments of psychological disorders?
Definition

client/patient

therapist/other agent who is capable

special theraputic relationship between ^two

 

based on some theory about client's problems

Term
What does the therapist do to help develop trust?
Definition
special therapeutic relationship
Term
What is the main difference between psychologists and psychiatrists?
Definition

Psychiatrists are medical doctors who can prescribe drugs to patients

 

Psychologists have different training and can not prescribe drugs

Term
What is an eclectic therapist?
Definition
those who typically might lean towards one set of treatment method, but will use multiple varieties depending on the patient
Term
What are the major approaches to psychotherapy?
Definition

-one on one treatment

-search for relationships between life history and current problems

-emphasis on thoughts, emotions, motivation

-client therapist relationship

Term
How does psychoanalysis differ from the other approaches to psychotherapy?
Definition

uses free association, dream analysis, transference (client reaction)

 

helps client gain insight of unconscious thoughts and emotions

Term
How does short term dynamic psychotherapy differ from other approaches?
Definition

therapists direct clients attention to evidence of problems in social relationships

 

less id, past, and unconsious..

more ego and social relationships

 

shorter time

Term
What is the focus of behavior therapy?
Definition

classical conditioning principles

 

 

Term
What is the goal of systematic desensitization?
Definition

clients visualize anxiety-provoking stimuli in a controlled environment

 

weakens learned associations of anxiety and the feared object

Term
What is the goal of assertiveness training?
Definition

methods that help the client stand up for their rights in social situations

 

help wheelchair adults and disabled students to deal with social situations

Term
What is the goal of aversive conditioning?
Definition
associating a negative stimulus to thoughts or actions the client needs to avoid
Term
What is the goal of cognitive behavior therapy?
Definition

based on learning principles to help clients change the way they think

 

 

 

Term
What are the goals of group, family, and couples' therapy?
Definition

a therapist encouages interactions between people in similiar problems or groups

boost confidence, help others

create harmony in family, relationship

Term
Is one type of psychotherapy more effective than all others?
Definition

no, they are about eqully effective overall

 

the success of the psychotherapy is determinant upon other factors

Term
What is electroconvulsive therapy and for what menta disorder is it mainly used for?
Definition

schizophrenia, depression, sometimes mania

 

brief electric shock to the brain

 

 

Term
What are neuroleptics?
Definition

(antipsychotics)

 

reduce intensity of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, paranoid suspiciousness, disordered thinking, confused speech

Term
What are anxiolytic drugs?
Definition

(tranquilizing drugs)

 

immediate calming effect

treat symptoms of generalized anxiety and PTSD

Term
For what disorder is lithium prescribed?
Definition

mania in bipolar disorder

can reduce mania attack to every 9 years instead of 14 months

Term
What are some drawbacks of psychoactive drugs?
Definition

drug doses can have different effects on different genders and ethnic groups

 

dependence, side effects, irreversible side efects, suicide, death, coma

Term
A combination of drugs and psychotherapy has been found effective in treating which disorders?
Definition
bipolar disorder, long term depression, adhd, child anxiety, ocd, alcoholism, stammering, compulsive sexual behavior, panic disorder
Term
What is the goal of community psychology?
Definition
minimalize or prevent disorders by promoting social change and making treatment methods more accessible to those who normally have little or no access to psychological services
Term
What do social psychologists study?
Definition
how people's thoughts and behaviors influence others and vice versa
Term
What is Festinger's theory of social comparison?
Definition

using other people as a basis of comparison for evaluating oneself

 

(inteligence, athleticism, interest, attractive)

Term
What are reference groups?
Definition
the catagories of people you feel you belong to and usually compare yourself with
Term
Does negative information or positive information attract more attention and carry more weight in shaping first impressions?
Definition
negative information attracts more attention and carries more weight
Term
How is attribution defined?
Definition
the process of explaining the casues of people's behavior, including our on
Term

What is internal attribution?

external attribution?

Definition

internal- characteristics of the person

 

external- characteristics of the sitation

Term
What is the fundamental attribtion error?
Definition
a bias towards attributing the behavior of others to internal factors
Term
What is a self-serving bias?
Definition
the tendency to attribute one's own successes to internal characteristics while blaming one's failures on external causes
Term
What is an actor-observer bias?
Definition
endency to attribute other people's behavior to internal causes while attributing one's own behavior to external causes
Term
What is a self-fullfilling prophecy?
Definition
process in which an initial impression causes us to bring out behavior that confirms the impression
Term
How does the mere-exposure effect infuence attitudes?
Definition

attitudes towards an object become more positive the more frequently people are exposed to thee object

 

Term
How does cognitive dissonance create anxiety in people?
Definition

when people's thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes are not in harmony with one another, they become anxious

 

inconsistency creates anxiety

Term
Why does stereotyping often lead to prejudice and discrimination?
Definition

false assumptions of a person or group of people can lead to create a prejudice against them

 

social discimination is the behavoral part of prejudice

Term
According to the motivational thory of prejudice, how may prejudice influence one's own self esteem?
Definition

authoritarianism

 

meet certain needs and increase security

Term
Did the contact hypothesis prove to be true?
Definition

integration reduces social prejudices only when social conditions are met

 

not really

Term
What is the matching hypothesis of interpersonal attraction?
Definition
notion that people are most likely to form committed relationships with others who are similiar to themselves in physical attractiveness
Term
What are the three compnents of Sternberg's triangular theory of love?
Definition

passion

intimacy

committment

 

 

Term
What are social norms and how do they influence behavior?
Definition
learned, socially based rules that tell people what they should and should not do in various situations
Term
How can deindividuation decrease the influence of social norms?
Definition
as a group, you follow the group's social norms (KKK) and feel pressure and intensity from group
Term
How does conformity differ from compliance?
Definition

conformity is from unspoken pressure

compliance is from a request

 

 

Term
In regard to creating compliance, how do the foot in the door technique and the door in the face technique work?
Definition

foot-in-the-door: getting a person to agree to smaller requests, working up to larger ones

 

door-in-the-face:  request for a favor that is likely to be refused, then asks for (the actually desired) lesser request

Term
What did the Milgram lab experiment discover about how far people will go to obey authority?
Definition
they would go the furthest to obey authority
Term
What does the frustration-aggression hypothesis suggest?
Definition

frustration leads to aggression

 

Term
How does the bystander effect result in a diffusion of individual responsibility?
Definition

the chance that someone will help in an emergency decreases as the number of people increase

 

someone else will take responsibility

Term
What does the empathy-altruism theory suggest about unselfish helping behavior?
Definition
people assist others because they feel empathy for them
Term
How can social facilitation, as compared to social impairment, help improve performance?
Definition

facilitation- other people's presence improves performance

vs

impairment- other people's presence does not improve performance

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