Term
|
Definition
| doing and documenting the activities that are the specific nursing actions needed to carry out the iterventions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all activities, verbal and nonverbal, people use when interacting daily with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| planned, ongoing, purposeful activity in which cts and HC pros determine (A) the ct's progress towar achievement of goals/outcomes, and (B) the effectiveness of the nursing care plan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of two parts:
- Conclusion: a stmt that the goal/desired outcome was met, partially met, or not met
- Supporting Data: the list of ct responses that support the conclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on demonstrable changes in the ct's health status as a result of nursing care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on how the care was given |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ongoing, systematic process designed to evaluate and promote excellence in the HC provided to cts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also known as CQI, TQM, PI, or PQI.
- according to Schroeder, the commitment and approach used to continuously improve every process in every part of an org, with the intent of meeting and exceeding ct expectations and outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on the setting in which care is given |
|
|
Term
| 5 activities of the Implementing Phase |
|
Definition
- providing care
- directing care
- coordinating care
- collaborating with other members of the HC team
- pt teaching |
|
|
Term
| The 3 category skills used to implement nursing interventions |
|
Definition
- cognitive skills
- interpersonal skills
- technical skills |
|
|
Term
| 5 activities of the Implementing Phase |
|
Definition
- reassess the ct
- determine the nurse's need for assistance
- implementing the NIs
- supervising the delegated care
- documenting nursing activities |
|
|
Term
| When implementing, it's important to explain to the ct: |
|
Definition
- what interventions will be done
- what sensations to expect
- what the ct is expected to do
- what the expected outcome is |
|
|
Term
| Two components of an evaluation stmt |
|
Definition
- evaluating goal achievement for indv cts
- evaluating and modifying the overall quality of care given to groups of cts |
|
|
Term
| 3 components of quality eval |
|
Definition
- structure
- process
- outcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thinking that results in the devp of new ideas and products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or eval info gathered from or generated by, observation, experience, reflection blah, blah, blah |
|
|
Term
| Components of creative thinking |
|
Definition
- creativity
- understanding probs
- generate many ideas fast
- recognizing cues from cts |
|
|
Term
| Non-creative thinking suggestions |
|
Definition
- advising
- suggesting
- anticipating resistance
- encouraging a ct to do a routine activity
- intervention is flexible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the application of a set of questions to a particular situation or idea to determine essential info and ideas and discard superfluous info and ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique one can use to look beneath the surface, recognize and examine assumptions, search for inconsistencies, examine multiple points of view, and differentiate what one knows from what one merely believes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generalizations are formed from a set of facts or observations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reasoning from the general to the specific |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systematic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtaining info that clarifies the nature of the prob and suggesting possible solns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the understanding and learning of things w/o the conscious use of reasoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- trial and error
- intuition
- research process and scientific/modified scientific method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- id the purpose
- set the criteria
- weigh the criteria
- seek alternatives
- examine alternatives
- project
- implement
- eval the outcome |
|
|
Term
| Critical thinking attitudes and skills |
|
Definition
- self-assessment
- tolerating dissonance and ambiguity
- seeking situations where good thinking is practiced
- creating environments that support CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation, and documentation of data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all the info about a ct; it includes:
- the nursing health history
- physical assessment
- physician's history
- physical exam
- results of labs and dx tests
- material contributed by other HC personnel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also referred to as symptoms, or covert data
- apparent only to the person affected and can be described or verified only by that pt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also referred to as signs or overt data
- detectable by an observer or can be measured or tested against an accepted standard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is highly structured and elicits specific info. The nurse initially controls the interview |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapport building interview - the nurse allows the ct to control it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a question the ct can answer w/o direction or pressure from the nurse, is open ended, and is used in nondirective interviews |
|
|
Term
| Screening exam or review of systems |
|
Definition
| a brief review of essential functioning of various body parts or systems |
|
|
Term
| 4 activities of assessment process |
|
Definition
- collect data
- organize data
- validate data
- document data |
|
|
Term
| Important aspects of the interviewing session |
|
Definition
- time
- place
- seating arrangement
- distance (space)
- language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subj or obj data that can be directly observed by the nurse; that is what the ct says or what the nurse can see, hear, feel, smell, or measure |
|
|
Term
| Dx can also be called.... |
|
Definition
| analysis, also known as... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the clusters of S&S that indicate the presence of a particular dx label |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with regard to med dx, nurses are obligated to carry out dr prescribed therapies and txts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the areas of HC that are unique to nursing and separate and distinct from medical mgmt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stmt or conclusion re the nature of a phenomenon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the standardized NANDA names for the dx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causal relationship between a prob and its related or risk factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ct's problem stmt, consisting of the dx label plus etiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a generally accepted measure, rule, model, or pattern |
|
|
Term
| PES format: prob, etiology, S&S |
|
Definition
| the basic three part nursing dx stmt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evidence about a health prob is incomplete or unclear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| words that have been added to some NANDA labels to give add'l meaning to the dx stmt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors that cause a ct to be vulnerable to developing a health prob |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clinical judgment that a prob doesn't exist, but the presence of risk factors indicates that a prob is likely to devp unless nurses intervene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dx that's associated with a cluster of other dx. There are currently six |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a classification system or set of categories arranged on the basis of a single principle or set of principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes human responses to levels of wellness in an indv, family, or community that have a readiness for enhancement |
|
|
Term
| Different types of nursing dx |
|
Definition
- actual dx
- risk nursing dx
- wellness dx
- possible nursing dx
- syndrome dx |
|
|
Term
| Components of a NANDA nursing dx |
|
Definition
- the prob and its definition
- the etiology
- the defining characteristics |
|
|
Term
| Basic steps in dx process |
|
Definition
- analyzing data
- id health probs, risks, and strengths
- formulating dx stmts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a downward or lateral xfer of both the responsibility and accountability of an activity from one indv to another |
|
|
Term
| Collaborative care plan or multidisciplinary care plan or critical pathway |
|
Definition
| they sequence the care that must be given on each day during the projected length of stay for the specific type of condition |
|
|
Term
| Collaborative interventions |
|
Definition
| actions the nurse carries out in collaboration with other health team members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a visual tool in which ideas or data are enclosed in circles or boxes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the xfer of responsibility for the performance of an activity from one person to another while retaining accountability for the outcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes in terms of observable ct responses, what the nurse hope to achieve by implementing the NIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any txt, based upon clinical judgment and knowledge, that a nurse performs to enhance ct outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| instructions for the specific individualized activities the nurse performs to help the ct meet established HC goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a taxonomy for describing ct outcomes that respond to NIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a taxonomy for describing ct outcomes that respond to NIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed to govern the handling of frequently occurring situations. They don't become part of the care plan or permanent record |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of establishing a preferential sequence for addressing nursing dx and NIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preprinted to indicate the actions required for a particular group of cts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scientific principal given as the reason for selecting a particular NI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a formal plan that specifies the nursing care for groups of cts with common needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describe nursing actions for cts with similar med conditions rather than indvs, and they describe achievable rather then ideal nursing care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a written document about policies, rules, regs, or orders regarding ct care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| informal oral consideration of a subject by two or more HC pros to ID a prob or establish strategies to resolve a prob |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the PIE document that's a ct care assessment flow sheet. It uses specific assessment criteria in a particular format, such as human needs or functional health probs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it's intended to make the ct and ct concerns and strengths the focus of care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a widely used, concise method of organizing and recording data about a ct, making info quickly accessible to all health pros |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a traditional part of the source oriented record. It consists of written notes that include routine care, normal findings, and ct probs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| documentation model: Problems, interventions, evaluation of nursing care |
|
|
Term
| Prob Oriented Med Record (POMR) |
|
Definition
| Weed (1960s), the data are arranged according to the probs the ct has rather than the source of the info |
|
|
Term
| Prob Oriented Record (POR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- subjective data
- objective data
- assessment
- the plan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the traditional ct record. Each person or dept makes notations in a separate section or sections of the ct's chart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a goal that's not met. Deviations to what is planned on the critical pathway - unexpected occurrences that affect the planned care or the ct's responses to care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the accumulation of lg amts of data that are stored over time and can be examined for output in different types of reports |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| programs that are used to manage a file or group of files of detailed info about people or things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network coordinated by one computer, the network server. PCs link to other PCs, and they all link to the network server |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an expert who combines computer, info, and nursing science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| documents a feeling or emotion reported to me |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restating the last word or phrase a child has said when there is a pause in the communication |
|
|
Term
| Behv therapy (Behv modification) |
|
Definition
| a system aimed at erasing some form of behv that interferes with healthy functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a planned interaction, has structure, and is constructive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- an encoder
- a code
- a decoder
- feedback or response |
|
|
Term
| Techniques that encourage therapeutic comm |
|
Definition
- attentive listening
- open ended questions
- reflecting
- clarifying
- paraphrasing
- perception checking
- focusing
- supportive stmts
- silence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an indvs ability to read, understand, and use HC info to make decisions and follow instructions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the initial reaction of the body, which alerts the body's defensives to a stressor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex syndrome of behvs that can be likened to the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Coping Strategy or Mechanism |
|
Definition
| an innate or acquired way of responding to a changing enviro or specific prob or situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second part of the alarm reaction where the changes in the body produced by the shock phase are reversed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a short-term helping process of assisting cts to work through a crisis to its resolution and restore their precrisis level of functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on solving immediate probs involving indvs, groups, or families |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychologic adaptive mechanisms that devp as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromises among conflicting impulses, and allay inner tensions |
|
|
Term
| General adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
|
Definition
Seyle's stress response is characterized by a chain or pattern of physiologic events
- alarm reaction
- resistance
- exhaustion |
|
|
Term
| Local adaptation syndrome (LAS) |
|
Definition
| the body reacting locally to stress; that is, one part or one organ of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stressor may be perceived consciously or unconsciously by the person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| third stage of GAS or LAS - the adaptation the body made during the second stage can't be maintained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second stage of GAS or LAS - when the body's adaptation takes place |
|
|
Term
| Stimulus-based-stress models |
|
Definition
| stress is defined as a stimulus, a life event, or a set of circumstances that arouses physiologic and/or psychoogic reactions that may inc the indv's vulnerability to illness |
|
|
Term
| Transactional stress theory |
|
Definition
| Lazarus, a theory that encompasses a set of cogn, affective, and adaptive (coping) responses that arise out of person-enviro transactions; the person and the enviro are inseperable and affect each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts written material from one language into another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an indv who mediates spoken comm between people speaking different languages w/o adding, omitting, or distorting meaning or editorializing |
|
|
Term
| the objective of the pro interpreter |
|
Definition
| the complete xfer of the thought behind the utterance of one language into an utterance in a second language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| listening actively, using all the senses, as opposed to listening passively w/ just the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the essential aspect of nursing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex process that includes discreet, transitory actions, such as touching, or broad, longer lasting interventions such as listening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a renewal, an amplification of power or sense of control, an invigorating influence, a pos mindset, and a readiness for action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to relate the message perceived to the receiver's storehouse of knowledge and experiences and to sort out the meaning of the msg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves the selection of specific signs or symbols (codes) to xmit the msg, such as which language and words to use, how to arrange the words, and what tone of voice and gesture to use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fourth component of the comm process, the response, is the msg the receiver returns to the sender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the comm that takes place between members of any group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- helps cts manage their probs in living more effectively and devp unused or underused opportunities more fully
- helps cts become better at helping themselves in their everyday lives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a verbatim account of a conversation (taped or written) and includes all verbal and nonverbal interactions of the ct and the nurse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a concept of the space and things that an indv considers as belonging to the self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows a person to overcome weakness and achieve success |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporarily isolates a person from the impact of a traumatic situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows for feelings to be expressed through or to less dangerous objects or people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- an attempt to manage anxiety by imitating the behv of someone feared or respected
helps a person avoid self-devaluation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rationalizing away a situation to avoid any personal sig and feelings
- protects a person from pain and traumatic events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of ID that allows for the acceptance of others' norms and values into oneself, even when contrary to one's previous assumptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not acknowledging the sig of one's behv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blaming others or the enviro for unacceptable desires, thoughts, shortcomings, and mistakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using faulty logic and motives to justify behv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the person acts exactly the opposite to the way they feel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restoring to an earlier, more comfortable level of functioning that is less demanding and responsible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| threatening thoughts, feelings, and desires are kept from becoming conscious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the displacement of energy associated with primitive drives into more acceptable outlets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the replacement of a highly valued, unacceptable, or unavailable object with a less than one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acting in a way to relieve the guilt or unacceptable thoughts by reparation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the replacement of a highly valued, unacceptable, or unavailable object with a less than one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- atmosphere
- purpose
- leadership and member participation
- comm
- decision making
- cohesion
- conflict tolerance
- power shared
- creativity
- prob solving |
|
|
Term
| Comm strategies for providing comfort |
|
Definition
- empathy
- pos talk
- therapeutic touch
- competent physical and tech skills
- vigilance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commitment or attachment to a regimen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the art and science of teaching adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the discipline concerned with helping children learn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the discipline concerned with stimulating and helping elders to learn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"feeling" domain
- specifies the degree of a person's depth of emotional response to tasks
- includes: feelings, emotions, interests, attitudes, and appreciations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the careful ID of what is to be taught and the immediate ID of and reward for correct responses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognition of devp levels of learners and acknowledgments of learner's motivation and enviro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the indv's desire to learn and act on the learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which indvs copy or reproduce what they have observed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which a person learns by observing the behv of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in human disposition or capability that persists and that can't be solely accounted for by growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a desire or a requirement to know something that is presently unknown to the learner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the demonstration of behvs or cues that reflect the learner's motivation to learn at a specific time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a learned way of responding that demonstrates that the nurse correctly understands how the ct feels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an involuntary process where the foreigner has to learn the new culture to survive
- assimilation is voluntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major markers of normal devp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manifesting a regular rhythm in physiologic functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a child's response on initial contact with a new stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to change one's reaction to stimuli over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a child meets new situations with their whole being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the usual reaction pattern of an indv to a stimuli in the enviro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the intensity level of stimulation necessary to evoke a reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a child who is always happy and laughing is said to have.... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stresses the importance of enviro on G&D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children are like blank pages that can be shaped by learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes are the true basis for G&D |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| finer units within Piaget's stages of growth |
|
|
Term
| Sensorimotor intelligence |
|
Definition
| practical intelligence used by infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infants know their parents exist and will return to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preschool thinking regarding how children would like something to turn out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children taking in info and changing it to fit their existing ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children change their ideas to fit reality rather than the reverse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toddler begins to devp some cog skills such as symbolic thought and egocentric thinking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substage of preoperational thought. Preschoolers are centering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preschoolers look at an object, but they are only able to see one of its characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centering contributes to the preschooler's lack _______, the ability to discern truth, even though physical properties change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preschooler's lack _______, the ability to retrace steps |
|
|
Term
| Concrete Operational Thought |
|
Definition
| school-age children begin to use practical solutions to everyday probs as well as begin to recognize cause-and-effect relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adols are capable of thinking in terms of possibility |
|
|
Term
| Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) |
|
Definition
- pt centered care
- teamwork and collaboration
- evidenced-based practice (EBP)
- QI
- informatics
- safety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| examining by touch, either light or deep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the assessment of a body structure by determining the sound you hear in response to striking the part with an examining finger and then interpreting the sound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a serious protein deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of fluid in body tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a stye, an infection of the gland that lubricates an eyelash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an eyelid obscures vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eyes that are not evenly aligned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an eye that's always turning in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an eye that always turns out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one pupil constricts in response to a bright light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one pupil constricts in response to a bright light, the other one will also |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rough-appearing tongue surface that often accompanies general symptoms of illness such as fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indentation of intercostal spaces or the suprasternal and substernal areas that reflect difficult respirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the distance the diaphragm descends with inhalation, is an estimation of lung volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the location of the left ventricle or the point where the apical heartbeat can be heard best |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a normal but marked HR inc that occurs as a child inspires, and a dec on exhalation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another variation in heart sounds occurs because with inspiration and the resulting inc of pressure in the lungs, the pulmonary valve closes slightly later than the aortic valve. It's heard as a lub d-dub sound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if the heart is pumping with abnormal force, there may be a palpable vibration termed a ? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a swishing or blowing sound that occurs if there is an outpouching of the aorta (ie, an aneurysm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the urethral opening is located on the inferior or ventral surface of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the urethral opening is located on the superior or dorsal surface of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlarged veins of the epididymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a record of audiometric testing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to think abstractly, to adjust to new situations, and to profit from experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an extract from a toxin with reduced virulence. It is used as a vaccine against a disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the antibodies produced against toxin-producing bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a serum obtained from the pooled blood of many people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a child produces antibodies after the natural invasion of a pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IgG antibodies are xferred across the placenta to a fetus in utero |
|
|
Term
| Artificially acquired passive immunity |
|
Definition
| given to a child when she is exposed to a disease in which she has no antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Artificially acquired active immunity |
|
Definition
| pathogens are artificially injected into the child by immunization. If the specific antigen should enter again, antibodies will be produced against the pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a child holds his head crookedly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| preadolescent hypertrophy of male breast tissue |
|
|
Term
| Physiologic Splitting that is always present |
|
Definition
| implies there is difficulty with the pulmonary valve closing and suggests pathology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of body fluids by such techniques as lumbar puncture or bone marrow aspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi through a lit, flexible, fiberoptic tube |
|
|
Term
| Clean-catch urine specimen |
|
Definition
| a method of collecting a urine sample to be tested for bacteria. The method is used to prevent germs from the penis or vagina from getting into a urine sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| check for: abdominal pain, blood in stool, weakness, or paleness (signs of a bowel bleeding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- an X-ray procedure in which many views of an organ or body part are obtained to represent what the organ would look like if it were cut into thin slices
- dense structures appear white and less dense structures appear gray to black on the films |
|
|
Term
| Electrical impulse studies |
|
Definition
| studies that include electrical conduction: ECG, EEG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an endoscope is passed through the mouth to examine the GI tract |
|
|
Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
|
Definition
- combines a magnetic field, radiofrequency, and computer technology to produce diagnostic images that aid in the dx of disorders such as the cause of renal or brain pathology
- benefit: no iodine based dye is needed as a contrast, no radiation |
|
|
Term
| Positron emission tomography (PET) |
|
Definition
| a CT with the injection of an iodine-based radioisotope contrast medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| radioactive-combined substances that, when given orally or by injection, flow to designated body organs |
|
|
Term
| Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) |
|
Definition
| a CT with the injection of an iodine-based radioisotope contrast medium |
|
|
Term
| Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| images of internal tissue and organs are produced by the use of sound waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bowel between the rectum and colostomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called nasogastric orogastric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a highly personal state in which the person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, devp, or spiritual functioning is thought to be diminished |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state of complete physical, mental, social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concepts about health that an indv believes true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a state of well-being. Basic concepts include:
- self responsibility
- an ultimate goal
- a dynamic, growing process
- daily decision making in the areas of:
- nutrition
- stress mgmt
- physical fitness
- preventive health care
- emotional health
- and other aspects of health
- most importantly - the whole being of the indv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well ... can be described objectively, experienced, and measured ... and can be plotted on a continuum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it may need to be assessed for cts with certain cardiovascular disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the elastic and muscular tissues of the arteries are replaced with fibrous tissue, the arteries lose much of their ability to constrict and dilate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs particularly in pts with HTN. It's the temporary disappearance of sounds normally heard over the brachial artery when the cuff pressure is high followed by the reappearance of the sounds at a lower level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HR in an adult less than 60 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally slow respirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- body temp
- pulse
- respiration
- BP
- pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stimulation of heat production in the body through inc cellular metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Compliance of the arteries |
|
Definition
| the arteries ability to contract and expand |
|
|
Term
| Costal (thoracic) breathing |
|
Definition
| involves the external intercostal muscles and other accessory muscles, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscles |
|
|
Term
| Diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing |
|
Definition
| involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breathing that is normal in rate and depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the interchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli of the lungs and the pulmonary blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the proportion of RBC to plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a very high fever, such as 105.8F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very deep, rapid respirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a systolic consistently between 85-110 in an adult whose BP is usually higher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the center that controls the core temp, is located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very shallow respirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the heat loss associated with vaporization of moisture from the respiratory tract and mucosa of the mouth and skin. It accounts for about 10% of basal heat loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water loss due to vaporization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the interchange of O2 and CO2 between the circulating blood and the cells of the body tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when taking a BP using a stethoscope, the nurse id's five phases in the series of sounds called.... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually the result of peripheral vasodilation in which blood leaves the central body organs, especially the brain, and moves to the periphery, often causing the person to feel faint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally fast respirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any discrepancy between the apical and radial pulse. In no instance is the radial greater than the apical pulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference between the systolic and diastolic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pattern of the beats and the intervals between the beats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- also called pulse strength or amplitude
- the force of blood with each beat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body temp above the usual range: 96.8 - 99.5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short febrile periods of a few days are interspersed with periods of 1-2 days of normal temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- intermittent
- remittent
- relapsing
- constant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a wide range of temp fluctuations (3.6F) over a 24hr period, all of which are above normal |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory character or quality |
|
Definition
| those aspects of breathing that are different from normal, effortless breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the regularity of the expirations and the inspirations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an excessively fast HR, over 100 in adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during a normal inspiration and expiration, an adult takes in about 500ml of air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the mvmt of air in and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Crisis, flush, or the defervescent (abatement) stage of a pyrexic condition |
|
Definition
| the sudden change of events that the body uses to lower body temp after the cause of the high temp is suddenly removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| represents the stroke volume output and the amt of blood that enters the arteries with each ventricular contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high blood pressure of unknown etiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypotension can be caused by |
|
Definition
- Demerol
- bleeding
- severe burns
- dehydration |
|
|
Term
| Adventitious breath sounds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the starting point for locating the ribs anteriorly
- the junction between the body of the sternum and the manubrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the anterior curve of the auricle's upper aspect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any defect in communication or comprehension due to disease or injury of the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an uneven curvature of the cornea that prevents horizontal and vertical rays from focusing on the retina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the outermost curvature of the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opacity of the lens or its capsule, which blocks light rays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the angle of the nail and nail bed is > or = 180 degrees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- in the inner ear
- a seashell shaped structure essential for sound transmission and hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the result of uninterrupted xmission of sound waves through the outer and middle ear structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- one of the types of adventitious sounds
- also called crackles or rales |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inflammation of the lacrimal sac
- manifested by tearing and a discharge from the nasolacrimal duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a percussion sound
- a thudlike sound produced by dense tissue such as the liver, spleen, or heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- in the middle ear
- connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bugout of the eyes caused by hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the entrance to the ear canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the failure to perceive touch on one side of the body when two symmetric areas of the body are touched simultaneously |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal contraction (shortening) of a bundle of muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a percussion sound
- an extremely dull sound produced by very dense tissue, such as muscle or bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid, which causes an inc in IOP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it measures the angle of a bone joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the posterior curve of the auricle's upper aspect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a percussion sound
- it is not produced in the normal body
- it's described as booming and can be heard over emphysematous lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the three ossicles in the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- an auscultation sound
- amplitude, refers to the loudness or softness of a sound
- loud: bronchial sounds heard from the trachea
- soft: normal breath sounds heard in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it becomes more apparent when a ct tries to hold cup of coffee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a rising along the sternal border with each heartbeat
- it occurs when cardiac action is very forceful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the handlelike superior part of the sternum that joins with the clavicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bony prominence behind the ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combo of conduction and sensorineural hearing loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of the pupils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One-and two-point discrimination |
|
Definition
| the ability to sense whether one or two areas of the skin are being stimulated by pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the absence of underlying red tones in the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the parotid salivary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- an auscultation sound
- the frequency of the vibrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the middle finger in the nondominant hand used in indirect percussion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the middle finger of the dominant hand used in indirect percussion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the area of the chest overlying the heart
- it's inspected and palpated for the presence of abnormal pulsations, lifts, or heaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- loss of ability to see close objects due to elasticity of the lens
- begins at about 45 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory nerve terminals, occurring chiefly in the muscles, tendons, joints, and the internal ear, that give info about movements and the position of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- an auscultation sound
- a subjective description of a sound, like, whistling, gurgling, or snapping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a percussion sound
- a hollow sound such as that produced by lungs filled with air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tremor that is more apparent when the ct is at rest and diminishes with activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- in the inner ear
- it contains the organs of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
|
Definition
| the result of damage to the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or the hearing center in the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the accumulation of foul matter (food, microorganisms, and epithelial elements)on the teeth and gums |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stirrup in the middle ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recognizing objects by touching and manipulating them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cartilaginous protrusion at the entrance to the ear canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a depression of the antihelix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a percussion sound
- a musical or drumlike sound produced from an ear filled stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- in the inner ear
- along with the semicircular canals, it contains the organs of equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree of detail an eye can discern in an image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the area a ct can see when looking straight ahead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patches of hypopigmented skin (birthmark), is caused by the destruction of melanocytes in the area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat, unelevated change in skin color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated, solid, hard mass that extends deeper into the dermis than a papule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a 1cm or larger, elevated, encapsulated, fluid-filled or semi-solid mass arising from the SubQ tissue or dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circumscribed, solid elevation of skin < 1cm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicle or bulla filled with pus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reddened, localized collection of edema fluid; irregular in shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| > 1cm, psoriasis, rubeola |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a circumscribed, round or oval, thin translucent mass filled with serous fluid or blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eyelids that lie at or below the pupil margin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the faintly perceptible vibration felt through the chest wall when the ct speaks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sensory
- vision and visual fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor
- EOM; mvmt of sphincter of pupil
- mvmt of ciliary muscles of lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor
- EOM; specifically, moves eyeball downward and laterally |
|
|
Term
| V - Trigeminal - Ophthalmic branch |
|
Definition
- sensory
- sensation of cornea, skin of face, and nasal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| V - Trigeminal - Maxillary branch |
|
Definition
- sensory
- sensation of skin of face and anterior oral cavity (tongue and teeth) |
|
|
Term
| V - Trigeminal - Mandibular branch |
|
Definition
- motor and sensory
- muscles of mastication; sensation of skin and face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor
- EOM; moves eyeball laterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor and sensory
- facial expression; taste (anterior two-thirds of tongue) |
|
|
Term
| VIII - Auditory- Vestibular branch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| VIII - Auditory- Cochlear branch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor and sensory
- swallowing ability, tongue mvmt, taste (posterior tongue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor and sensory
- sensation of pharynx and larynx; swallowing; vocal cord mvmt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor
- head mvmt; shrugging of shoulders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- motor
- protrusion of tongue; moves tongue up and down and side to side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced visual acuity in one eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- develop in the axillae
- anal and genital areas
- external auditory canals
- around the umbilicus
- around the areolas
- releases sweat onto the skin in response to emotional stimuli only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eyes that refract light normally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- first 8 wks of pregnancy
- the fertilized ovum devps into an ovum w/most of the features of a human |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid growth in the size of the fetus
- both genetic and enviro factors affect its growth |
|
|
Term
| Tonic neck reflex (TNR) or fencing reflex |
|
Definition
| a postural reflex in babies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the old-old or extreme aged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined as the concern for establishing and guiding the next generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| info that leaves ST memory and enters _____, the repository for info stored for periods longer than 72hrs and usually weeks and yrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the state of max function and integration, or the state of being fully developed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obtaining and examining cells from the uterine cervical os |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous bone fractures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of hearing ability r/t aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| momentary perception of stimuli from the enviro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- soft intensity sound
- low pitched
- "gentle sighing" sounds created by air moving through smaller airways (bronchioles and alveoli)
- located over peripheral lung; best heard at base of lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- moderate intensity sound
- moderate pitched "blowing" sounds created by air moving large airway (bronchi)
- between the scapulae and lateral to the sternum at the 1st and 2nd ICS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- high pitched, loud, "harsh" sounds created by air moving through the trachea
- louder than vesicular sounds
- anteriorly over the trachea; not normally heard over lung tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- fine, short, interrupted crackling sounds
- alveolar rales are high pitched
- air passing through fluid or mucus in any air passage
- most commonly heard in the bases of the lower lung lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- continuous, low pitched, coarse, gurgling, harsh
- louder sounds with a moaning or snoring quality
- air passing through narrowed air passages as a result of secretions, swelling, tumors
- best heard over trach and bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- superficial grating or creaking sounds heard during inspiration and exp
- heard best in areas of greatest thoracic expansion (lower anterior and lateral chest) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- continuous, high pitched, squeaky musical sounds
- air passing through a constricted bronchus as a result of secretions, swelling, tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- also known as passive
- the host rcvs natural (tit milk) or artificial antibodies (from an injection of an immune serum) produced by another source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the host produces antibodies in response to natural (infectious microorganisms) or artificial antigens (vaccines) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for cts known to have or suspected of having serious illnesses xmitted by airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- also called immunoglobulins
- part of the body's plasma protiens
- they defend primarily against the extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness (immunity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- proteins that originate in a person's own body
- a substance that induces a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness (immunity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - agents that destroy pathogens other than spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a freedom from disease-causing microorganisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a condition in which a culture of a person's blood reveals m.organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - m.organisms found in the intestines (Enterobacteria) produce substances called ________? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - those m.organisms carried in blood and body fluids that are capable of infecting other persons w/ serious and difficult to treat viral infections, namely, HepB, C, and HIV |
|
|
Term
| Body Substance Isolation (BSI) |
|
Definition
| - a system that employs generic infection control precautions for all cts except those with the few diseases xmitted through the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a person or animal reservoir of a specific infectious agent that usually doesn't manifest any clinical signs of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- also called cellular immunity
- it occurs through the T-cell system that are released into the lymphoid system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the process by which leukocytes are attracted to injured cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a firmer fibrous tissue, a scar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- also called antibody-mediated defenses or humoral immunity
- defenses that reside ultimately in the B lymphocytes and are mediated by antibodies produced by B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - objects absent of almost all m.organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - an infectious agent that can be xmitted directly or indirectly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a person at increased risk
- a person that is more likely than others to acquire an infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - used for cts known or suspected to have serious illnesses easily xmitted by direct ct contact or by contact w/ items in the ct's enviro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual passage of blood corpuscles through the blood vessel wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agents that destroy pathogens other than spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the residue of evaporated droplets emitted by an infected host (tuberculosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for cts w/ serious illnesses xmitted by particle droplets > 5 microns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process by which leukocytes move through the blood vessel wall into the affected tissue spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ct is the source of m.organisms that cause an infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hospital is the source of m.organisms that cause an infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- occurs in the 2nd stage of inflammation
- consists of fluid that escaped from the blood vessels, dead phagocytes, dead tissue cells and products that they release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a plasma protein which is converted to fibrin when it's released into the tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes yeasts and molds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- when regeneration is not possible, repair occurs by fibrous tissue formation
- it has the ability to proliferate under the unusual conditions of ischemia and altered pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- tissue in the early process of damaged tissue being replaced with the connective tissue elements of collagen, blood capillaries, lymphatics, and other tissue-bound substances
- a fragile, gelatinous tissue, appearing pink or red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inc blood flow to an injured area, responsible for the characteristic signs of redness and heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infections that are the direct result of dx or therapeutic procedures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- also called specific defenses
- they are directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state of sensitivity or immune responsiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an invasion of body tissue by m.organisms and their proliferation there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which strains of m.organisms become resident flora, but don't cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a local and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a process that's a response to the exit of leukocytes from the blood vessels
- the bone marrow produces lg numbers of leukocytes and releases them into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - when blood flow slows, leukocytes aggregate or line up along the inner surface of the blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes all practices intended to confine a specific m.organism to a specific area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it protects the person against all m.organisms, regardless of prior exposure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it causes disease only in a susceptible indv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to produce disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that ingest m.organisms, other cells, and foreign particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure or function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some m.organisms are normal______ ________, (the collective vegetation in a given area) in one part of the body, yet produce infection in another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when bacteria results in systemic infection |
|
|
Term
| Specific (immune) defenses |
|
Definition
| they are directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents |
|
|
Term
| Intact skin and mucous membranes |
|
Definition
| are the body's first line of defense against m.organisms |
|
|
Term
| Intact skin and mucous membranes |
|
Definition
| are the body's first line of defense against m.organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meds such as neuroleptics, anxiolytics, sedatives, and psychotropic agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a thickened portion of epidermis
- a mass of keratotic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bath given chiefly for hygiene purposes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bath given for physical effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a keratosis caused by friction and pressure from a shoe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- glands found chiefly on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and forehead
- used to cool the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- appear on the sole of the feet
- caused by the virus papovavirus hominis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to perceive environmental stimuli and body reactions and to respond appropriately through thought and action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the awareness of the position and mvmt of body parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a person is in optimal arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired reception, perception, or both, of one or more of the senses, eg, blind or deaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
three contributing factors
- inc internal stimuli like pain, dyspnea, anxiety
- inc external stimuli like a noisy hc setting, intrusive dx testing, contact with many strangers
- inability to disregard stimuli selectively due to meds or ns disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a type of bandage designed for a specific body part.
- used to support lg areas of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a whitish protein substance that adds tensile strength to the wound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dried plasma proteins and dead cells that cover a wound that does not close by epithelialization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of loss of the superficial layers of the skin, also known as denuded area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| material, such as fluid and cells, that has escaped from blood vessels during the inflammatory process and is deposited in tissue or on tissue surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a force acting parallel to the skin surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- capillaries grow across a wound, increasing the blood supply
- fibroblasts move from the blood stream into the wound, depositing fibrin
- as the capillary network devps, the tissue becomes a translucent red color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a localized collection of blood underneath the skin that may appear as a reddish blue swelling (bruise) |
|
|
Term
| Sanguineous (hemorrhagic) exudate |
|
Definition
| consists of lg amts of RBCs, indicating damage to capillaries that is severe enough to allow the escape of RBCs from plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cessation of bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deficiency in the blood supply to the tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hypertrophic scar which is the result of an abnormal amt of collagen being laid down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- caused by moisture r/t incontinence
- it makes the epidermis more easily eroded and susceptible to injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macrophages engulf m.organisms and cellular debris |
|
|
Term
| Primary Intention Healing |
|
Definition
- also called primary union
- it occurs where the tissue surfaces have been approximated and there is minimal or no tissue loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a thicker than serous exudate because of the presence of pus
- blue, green, or yellow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of leukocytes, liquefied dead tissue debris, and dead and living bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of pus pormation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria that produces pus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- also known as hemorrhagic exudate
- consists of lg amts of RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists chiefly of serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- after compression of skin has been relieved, the skin takes on a bright red flush
- it is the body's mechanism for preventing pressure ulcers |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Intention Healing |
|
Definition
- the type of healing in a wound that's extensive and involves considerable tissue loss
- the edges can't or shouldn't be approximated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - hip bath, used to soak a ct's pelvic area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sorting for the purpose of assigning priority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by the variola virus, an orthopox virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by the gram- coccobacillus Yersinia pestis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a paralytic illness caused by a potent neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- it requires a carrier, such as an enzyme or protein, to move the drug against a concentration gradient
- energy is required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- dissolution
- the first phase of drug action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of drug movement to achieve drug action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs mostly by diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which cells carry drugs across their membranes by engulfing the drug particles |
|
|
Term
| First-pass effect (hepatic first pass) |
|
Definition
| the process in which the drug passes to the liver first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a subcategory of absorption
- a % of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues
- it's influenced by blood flow, its affinity to the tissue, and the protein-binding effect
- volume of distribution (Vd), is dependent on drug dose and its concentration in the body
- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs not bound to protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most accurate test to determine renal function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a metabolic byproduct of muscle that's excreted by the kidneys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of drug concentration and its effects on the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC) after a drug is admin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- it evaluates the three parameters of drug action:
- onset
- peak
- duration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein in structure that are found on cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the site on the receptor in which drugs bind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that produce a response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that block a response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that affect various sites and have properties of nonspecifity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that effect various receptors and have properties of nonselectivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it estimates the margin of safety of a drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that have a narrow margin of safety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that have a wide margin of safety and less danger of producing toxic effects |
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic range (therapeutic window) |
|
Definition
- most effective range for a drug
- between min effective conc and the min toxic conc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highest plasma conc of a drug at a specific time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the lowest plasma conc of a drug
- it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the effect of a drug action that varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug tolerance to a frequently repeated admin of a certain drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relationship between the minimal versus the maximal amount of drug dose needed to produce the desired drug response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which the minimum effective concentration level for digoxin is achieved in the plasma within a short time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- more severe than side effects
- a range of untoward effects (unintended and occurring at normal doses) of drugs that cause mild to severe side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on health promotion to encourage healthy lifestyles and prevent illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on early detection and prompt intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on restoration and rehabilitation to promote optimal functioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on restoration and rehabilitation to promote optimal functioning |
|
|
Term
| The steps of the orientation phase of a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship |
|
Definition
meet the client
open the relationship
clarify the problem
structure and formulate the contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a technique that simply identifies that communication has occurred; it is not a restatement of ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps both participants identify differences in their frames of reference and gives them the opportunity to correct misperceptions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a valuable technique for patients who are resistant or guarded. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is to summarize the patient's message and convey it was received and understood |
|
|
Term
| Physiological signs of stress: |
|
Definition
pupils dilate
blood pressure increases
blood sugar increases
oral secretions decrease |
|
|
Term
| Factors that are considered when the RN is determining a patient's readiness to learn about disease preventions: |
|
Definition
physical readiness - A patient who has needs, such as pain or lack of sleep, is not ready to learn
the learning environment - The learning environment may have minimizing factors that interfere with the learning process
the pt who is future-oriented - A patient who is not future oriented will not likely appreciate preventive health teaching |
|
|
Term
| The symptoms of a pt's dx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Communication and Health Teaching are independent nursing actions that are important for: |
|
Definition
inc health literacy
helping children learn more about their illness
providing better measures to use to stay well |
|
|
Term
| Factors that Affect Learning |
|
Definition
learner needs and characteristics
teacher characteristics
available support people
the level of content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First Level: Cliche Conversation – pleasant chatting
Second Level: Fact Reporting – simply stating facts about oneself
Third Level: Shared Personal Ideas and Judgments – this level is the beginning of therapeutic comm
Fourth Level: Shared Feelings – they represent the child's trust in you
Fifth Level: Peak Comm – a sense of oneness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cliche Conversation – pleasant chatting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fact Reporting – simply stating facts about oneself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shared Personal Ideas and Judgments – this level is the beginning of therapeutic comm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shared Feelings – they represent the child's trust in you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peak Comm – a sense of oneness |
|
|
Term
| Techniques to Encourage Therapeutic Comm |
|
Definition
distance - process recording
genuineness and truthfulness
warmth
empathy
gestures
facial expressions
touch
attentive listening
reflecting
clarifying
paraphrasing
perception checking
focusing
supportive stmts
silence |
|
|
Term
| Factors that can interfere with effective comm |
|
Definition
- age and devp level
- intellectual or behv level
- physical factors
- technical terminology
- showing disapproval
- not showing approval when warranted
growing defensive
cliché advice
topping up |
|
|
Term
| Communication Situations that Require Unique Skills |
|
Definition
the shy child
the angry child
the demeaning child
the bullying or sexually aggressive adolescent
the child who is not proficient in English
the unconscious child – Ya think?
the hearing or vision challenged child |
|
|
Term
| learning occurs best when: |
|
Definition
children are ready to learn
if children can see how the new info will benefit them directly
if rewards, not penalties, are offered
in a nonstressful and accepting enviro
when ability plateaus are recognized |
|
|
Term
| learning occurs best when: |
|
Definition
children are ready to learn
if children can see how the new info will benefit them directly
if rewards, not penalties, are offered
in a nonstressful and accepting enviro
when ability plateaus are recognized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
learn by exploring their environment with their senses
they learn best from a primary caregiver
material must be presented as fun or a game |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they are interested in learning because they are devp a sense of initiative
they have few reservations about the “right” way to do things
they ask a lot of questions
they “center” or notice only one characteristic of an object
they tend to be frightened by intrusive objects like a rectal thermometer
use dolls or puppets for teaching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they enjoy short projects that offer an immediate reward; break down procedures into small steps
they have short “staying power” so teaching has to be reinforced
they don't like to have to do things that their friends are not doing; make sure teaching or procedures will fit into their social schedule
they need consistency in teaching the “way” to do something |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they want to learn to do things independent of their parents
they won't do things that make them appear different from their friends
they are present oriented so they need to see how doing something will benefit them |
|
|
Term
| Developing and Implementing a Teaching Plan |
|
Definition
assessing teaching/learning needs
formulating the plan
ID my weaknesses
prepare expected outcomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lecture
demonstration
redemonstration
discussion – children like it because it respects their opinions
role modeling
behv therapy |
|
|
Term
| Health teaching for a Surgical Experience |
|
Definition
psychological prep - first address anxiety
physical prep
assess current level of knowledge
emotional prep – fear of separation, fear of mutilation, fear of death |
|
|
Term
| 2020 Natl Health Goals r/t Communication and teaching with children that nurses can help the nation achieve: |
|
Definition
inc the proportion of schools that provide health edu
nurses can help the nation achieve these goals by:
consulting with schools and HC organizations to devp what health teaching progs are needed
teaching in such progs |
|
|
Term
| Nursing Dx r/t Communication and Health Teaching with Children |
|
Definition
Risk for impaired verbal comm r/t use of _____ as a foreign language
Deficient knowledge r/t importance of taking meds daily
Health-seeking behvs r/t ways to improve the child's nutritional intake
Impaired verbal communication r/t placement of endotrach tube
Anxiety r/t perceived amt of material needed to be learned for home care of child |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Child demonstrates good technique for self-injection of insulin
Child demonstrates anger using language rather than punching wall
Child lists five foods to include in a high-protein diet
Family demonstrates improved family communication techniques by next clinic visit
Parents demonstrate effective CPR technique at home visit |
|
|
Term
| The Six Competencies of Quality and Safety Edu for Nurses (QSEN) |
|
Definition
Pt-centered care
Teamwork and Collaboration
Evidenced-based Practice
QI
Safety
Informatics
To individualize a teaching program for a child
assess the child's attn span
cog or intellectual capability
lifestyle
learning style
my own teaching strengths and limitations
In many instances there is a great deal of material that a child must learn about an illness. If possible:
divide material into lessons that can be taught immediately
lessons that can be taught at return health visits |
|
|
Term
| Expected Outcomes for Achievement and Effectiveness of Care |
|
Definition
| Integrating Knowledge of Comm and Teaching with the Interplay of Nursing Process, the Six QSEN Competencies, and Family Nursing to Promote Quality Maternal and Child Health Nursing Care |
|
|
Term
| Four phases of a working relationship |
|
Definition
- preinteraction phase
- introductory phase
- working phase
- termination phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- exploring and understanding thoughts and feelings
- facilitating and taking action |
|
|
Term
| exploring and understanding thoughts and feelings |
|
Definition
the nurse must demonstrate:
emphatic listening and responding
respect
genuineness – five roles of the helper:
does not take refuge in or over-empathizes the role of counselor
spontaneous
nondefensive
displays few discrepencies
capable of deep self-exposure when it's appropriate
concreteness
confrontation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
does not take refuge in or over-empathizes the role of counselor
spontaneous
nondefensive
displays few discrepencies
capable of deep self-exposure when it's appropriat |
|
|
Term
| to help cts with comm probs, the nurse: |
|
Definition
manipulates the environment
provides support
employs measures to enhance communication
educates the ct and support persons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
promote health
protect health
restore health
maintain ct's health
help ct adapt to altered health and function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an experience that occurs inside the learner
the discovery of the personal meaning and relevance of ideas
a consequence of experience
a collaborative and cooperative process
an evolutionary process
a process that's both intellectual and emotional |
|
|
Term
| three main theories of learning: |
|
Definition
| Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Humanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thorndike stated that learning should be based on the learner's behv
Pavlov, Skinner, Bandura
behaviorists closely observe responses and then manipulate the environment to bring about the intended change
positive reinforcement, Skinner
imitation and modeling, Bandura |
|
|
Term
| nurses applying behavioristic theory will: |
|
Definition
provide sufficient practice time and both immediate and repeat testing and re-demonstration
provide opportunities for learners to solve probs by trial and error
select teaching strategies that avoid distracting info and that evoke the desired response
praise the learner for correct behv and provide pos feedback at intervals throughout the learning experience
provide role models of desired behv |
|
|
Term
| key factors associated with cog learning |
|
Definition
| devp and indv readiness (motivation) are |
|
|
Term
| Lewin states that learning involves four different types of changes: |
|
Definition
change in cog structure
change in motivation
change in one's sense of belonging to the group
gain in involuntary muscle control |
|
|
Term
| nurses applying cog theory will: |
|
Definition
provide a social, emotional, and physical enviro conducive to learning
encourage a pos teacher-learning experience
select multisensory teaching strategies since perception is influenced by the senses
recognize that personal characteristics have an impact on how cues are perceived and devp appropriate teaching approaches to target different learning styles
assess a person's devp and indv readiness to learn an adapt teaching strategies to the learner's devp level
select behv objectives and teaching strategies that encompass the cog, psy, and aff domains of learning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
focuses on both cog and affective qualities of the learner
Maslow, Rogers
learning is believed to be self-motivated, self-initiated, and self-evaluated
learning focuses on self-devp and achieving full potential; it's best when relevant to the learner
autonomy and self-determination are important; the learner ID the learning needs and then takes the initiative to meet these needs |
|
|
Term
| nurses applying humanistic theory will: |
|
Definition
convey empathy in the nurse-ct relationship
encourage the learners to establish goals and promote self-directed learning
encourage active learning by serving as a facilitator, mentor, or resource for the learner
expose the learner to new relevant info and ask appropriate questions to encourage the learner to seek answers |
|
|
Term
| factors that affect learning: |
|
Definition
motivation
readiness
active involvement
relevance
feedback
nonjudgmental support
repetition
timing
environment
emotions
physiologic events
psychomotor ability
cultural aspects |
|
|
Term
| ways to motivate cts to learn |
|
Definition
relate the learning to something the ct values and helping her see the relevance of the learning
help the ct make the learning situation pleasant and nonthreatening
encourage self-direction and independence
demonstrate a pos attitude about the ct's ability to learn
offer continuing support and encouragement as the ct attempts to learn
create a learning situation in which the ct is likely to succeed
assist the ct to ID the benefits of changing behv |
|
|
Term
| learning need as the dx label |
|
Definition
- deficient knowledge
- health seeking behv
- noncompliance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absence or deficiency of cognitive info r/t a specific topic (part of a dx) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active seeking of a ct in stable health to get healthier (part of a dx) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behv of a ct/caregiver that fails to coincide with a health-promoting or therapeutic plan mutually agreed on (part of a dx) |
|
|
Term
| Deficient knowledge as the etiology |
|
Definition
| Risk for (specify) r/t deficient knowledge (specify) |
|
|
Term
| Aspects of A Teaching Plan |
|
Definition
determining teaching priorities
setting learning outcomes
choosing content
selecting teaching strategies
organizing learning experiences |
|
|
Term
| setting learning outcomes |
|
Definition
| Ct behv or performance → observable, measurable activity → conditions or modifiers as required → time criteria |
|
|
Term
organizing learning experiences
guidelines to help the nurse sequence the learning experience |
|
Definition
start with something the learner is concerned about
cover what the learner knows, and then proceed to the unknown
address early on any area that is causing the ct anxiety
teach the basics before proceeding to the variations or adjustments
schedule time for review of contents and questions the ct may have to clarify info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
explanation or description
answering questions
printed and AV materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one-to-one discussion
discovery
role playing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Documenting the Teaching Process for the Ct's Chart |
|
Definition
diagnosed learning needs
learning outcomes
topics taught
ct outcomes
need for add'l teaching
resources provided |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a uniform way to identify patient problems which makes data retrieval more efficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The RN identifies patient needs and secures the appropriate services to address those needs across the continuum in the __________ phase of the nursing process |
|
|
Term
| The elements of the communication process are as follows: |
|
Definition
| Stimulus: Motivation for the message Sender: Communicator of the message Message: Facts to be delivered Channel: Means of delivery Receiver: Person(s) getting the message Response: Understanding of the message |
|
|
Term
| These are some factors that can influence communication. |
|
Definition
Developmental Level: Language development and usage can influence communication. For instance, adolescent use of slang may cause confusion when conversing with an adult unfamiliar with the slang.
Gender: Masculine and feminine gestures can also influence communication.
Sociocultural Differences: Cultural values, customs, and behaviors form the basis of a person’s belief system and therefore affect their communication.
Roles and Responsibilities: A person used to giving orders may communicate differently than one who is used to carrying out commands.
Space and Territoriality: Intimate distance, personal space, social distance, and public distance are all concepts which affect communication.
Physical, Mental, and Emotional States: Communication can easily be affected when someone is under stress or emotionally charged.
Values: Preset ideas based on a value system influence the way people think and communicate.
Environment: This can include the distance between people, the number of people in a space, and a person’s sense of personal space |
|
|
Term
| Electronic Medical Records (EMR) |
|
Definition
| They are used to share information about an individual patient and to communicate progress, coordinate care, and document unusual findings |
|
|
Term
| Electronic Health Records (EHR) |
|
Definition
| are records that may differ based on who they are owned by. The outcome is the sharing of information among providers so patients can receive seamless, consistent, and appropriate care from all providers involved in their care |
|
|
Term
| 4 levels of communication |
|
Definition
- organizational
- small group
- intrapersonal
- interpersonal |
|
|
Term
| teamwork and collaboration |
|
Definition
| key to effective communication in the nursing profession |
|
|
Term
| Teamwork and collaboration (QSEN) |
|
Definition
| Function effectively within nursing and inter-professional teams, fostering open communication, mutual respect, and shared decision-making to achieve quality patient care |
|
|
Term
| Qualities of effective communication |
|
Definition
- simplicity
- clarity
- brevity: deliver msg in short and direct terms
- appropriate language
- timing
- relevance
- pace and intonation |
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic communication is |
|
Definition
| a meaningful relationship in which the nurse influences the patient or increases his or her understanding by utilizing verbal and nonverbal communication |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of a helping relationship: |
|
Definition
| Empathy, which is trying to understand the situation from the patient’s perspective. Trust, which is reliance on another person and has to be built over time. Security, which is the feeling of being safe in someone else’s care. Respect, which is developed for the knowledge and behavior a person expresses and demonstrates. Autonomy, which is a sense of ownership and independence. Acceptance, which is the openness one has towards another person. Genuineness, which is a caring, accepting relationship despite acknowledged or unacknowledged faults. |
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic communication and the nursing process |
|
Definition
| Assessing: Focus on the environment, privacy, barriers to communication, and the patient’s readiness to learn. Diagnosing: Establish the patient’s baseline and the reason for the encounter. Outcome Identification and Planning: Define goals and objectives along with the patient. Implementing: Make eye contact and directly involve the patient in conversation using active listening and therapeutic communication. Evaluating: Ask open-ended questions and have the patient verbalize understanding of the conversation. Documenting: Record a factual account of the conversation, excluding opinions, but using the patient’s statements of understanding as verification of the therapeutic communication process |
|
|
Term
| The autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system |
|
Definition
| are the primary systems that control physiological homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Two types of syndromes occur because of physiological homeostasis |
|
Definition
- general adaptation syndrome
- local " |
|
|
Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
|
Definition
| is marked as physiological changes that occur in response to stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alarm reaction, which is the fight or flight response. Stage of resistance, where body functions go back to normal or right themselves. Stage of exhaustion, when adaptive mechanisms are exhausted and the patient rests to mobilize again or dies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Local Adaptation Syndrome (LAS) is a limited local response to a stressor restricted to a particular body part. It is a temporary response that can be related to the pathology of trauma |
|
|
Term
| Psychological homeostasis |
|
Definition
| The need to be loved and experience self-esteem is universal to health |
|
|
Term
| 2 forms of psychological homeostasis |
|
Definition
- mind-body interaction
- anxiety |
|
|
Term
| The defining characteristics of increased stress include the following changes: |
|
Definition
| Physiological: Characteristics include increased heart rate, chest pain, tremors, a choking feeling or shortness of breath, weight loss, or weight gain. Psychological: Characteristics include verbalization of anxiety or fear, verbalization of "butterflies" in the stomach, feeling jittery, difficulty communicating verbally, or a fearful facial expression. Cognitive: Characteristics include withdrawal, inability to learn, the patient being focused only on the current situation, and daydreaming instead of dealing with current problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a barrier or a stimulus to action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- long term stress
- family stress
- caregiver burden
- crisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sudden event that can be situational, maturational, or adventitious |
|
|
Term
| The two types of stressors are: |
|
Definition
| Physiological Stressors: Physiological stressors change the body's function, or structure. Included in this group are chemical agents (alcohol, poisons, and drugs), physical agents (exposure to cold, heat, or injury), infectious agents (bacterial infections, viruses, and fungal infections), nutritional disorders, hypoxia, hypercapnia, genetic, and immune system disorders. Psychosocial Stressors: Psychosocial stressors include losing a job, getting a speeding ticket, not having money for medications, losing a parent, sibling or spouse, wars, relatives being deployed overseas, acts of violence, events occurring to family and friends, and violence on television, radio, and media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they change the body's function, or structure. Included in this group are chemical agents (alcohol, poisons, and drugs), physical agents (exposure to cold, heat, or injury), infectious agents (bacterial infections, viruses, and fungal infections), nutritional disorders, hypoxia, hypercapnia, genetic, and immune system disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they include losing a job, getting a speeding ticket, not having money for medications, losing a parent, sibling or spouse, wars, relatives being deployed overseas, acts of violence, events occurring to family and friends, and violence on television, radio, and media |
|
|
Term
| The nurse should implement the following measures to treat anxiety: |
|
Definition
| Adjust the environment so a therapeutic relationship can be established: turn off televisions, close doors to ensure privacy, and ensure comfortable seating and temperature. Involve the patients in decisions to increase their compliance. Encourage patients to express their feelings and concerns, and discuss the use of exercise, meditation, and relaxation techniques such as meditation and yoga. Provide information about health maintenance and health promotion. Use nursing measures to promote the continuity of care such as referrals, support groups, and other community resources. Supervise patient-care activities provided by other members of the health care team |
|
|
Term
| Principles of teaching and learning - introduction |
|
Definition
| determining the learning style of the pt |
|
|
Term
| Basic teaching principles |
|
Definition
- timing
- organizing the material
- involving the pt
- building an existing knowledge
- selecting a teaching method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Length of Session: The sessions should be short which may better facilitate the patient’s comprehension. Intervals between Learning and Use: Planning a return demonstration shortly after the instructions are given facilitates the learners’ understanding and will promote easy recall. Preferences for Time of Day: Some individuals just happen to be morning people, and some others are not. Assess your patient’s preference and plan the session accordingly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The material used in the process can be categorized into the following:
From simple to complex In a logical sequence With the significant content first |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Patients or learners can be actively involved in the teaching and learning process by mutually agreed upon learning objectives |
|
|
Term
| Building on Existing Knowledge |
|
Definition
| Individualize the teaching plan to avoid redundancy. Assess what the patient already knows before beginning a teaching activity |
|
|
Term
Selecting a Teaching Method
Determine the style of learning the patient prefers. Options include: |
|
Definition
| Role-Playing: This provides a chance to participate or have an experience. Audio-Visual: Video presentations on specific patient topics are available in facilities. Some such content is even provided by drug and medical hardware companies to provide specific information on their products. Printed Material: This can be distributed after the nurse assesses the patient’s reading and comprehension level. Simply handing literature out to a patient is not considered adequate patient education. Web-Based Instruction: Many facilities offer links to web-based hospital systems so patients can refer to the information following discharge. This reinforces their learning. Demonstration of Procedures and Equipment Usage: This proves to be a useful teaching method as patients return the demonstration to show they have met the outcome. Discussion: This can be done in the form of a presentation of information by one or more people. For instance, presenting the pros and cons of a treatment. Discovery: A problem is presented and the patient or the group of patients is led to the most likely solution, usually arrived at by consensus |
|
|
Term
| Some basic learning principles are: |
|
Definition
| Motivation: This is the impulse or desire that prompts a person to take a particular course of action. The patient’s health belief model may have an effect on motivation to learn. Readiness: This is the physical, mental, and emotional capacity to learn. If the patient is not willing to learn, no teaching tool will be effective. Learning Environment: This is the setting provided to learners that helps them focus on learning |
|
|
Term
| the patient’s level of “Health Literacy." |
|
Definition
| This can be defined as the ability to make decisions about your own health care using the available health information. |
|
|
Term
| Factors that influence learning |
|
Definition
- communication and touch
- age and developmental stage
- indv preferences
-physical condition
- SEC factors
- cultural, religious, and spiritual considerations
- environmental factors
- psychological factors |
|
|
Term
| Teaching and learning r/t nursing process - assessment |
|
Definition
| Obtain the heath history in relation to the patient’s communication patterns and learning needs. Assess factors influencing communication. Obtain assessment data (i.e., age, developmental status, language, and learning style) |
|
|
Term
| Teaching and learning r/t nursing process- diagnosis |
|
Definition
| Identify NANDA-I nursing diagnoses in cases of impaired verbal communication, impaired social interaction (related to cultural differences). Set priorities based on patient needs |
|
|
Term
| Teaching and learning r/t nursing process - outcome id and planning |
|
Definition
| Establish expected outcomes and patient-centered goals for care related to health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration. Plan nursing interventions on the basis of established standards and protocols to assist the patient to achieve the established outcomes. At the same time, encourage the patient to express feelings, and teach the patient simple phrases with which to communicate |
|
|
Term
| tools to use and points to think about when planning teaching and learning care: |
|
Definition
| Evidence-Based Practice (EBP): Research may provide information about disruptive behavior and communication. Planning Care: While planning the nursing intervention, incorporate factors influencing the patient’s readiness to work with the health care team like locating a private room, using close-ended questions for a patient with communication impairment, ensuring the hearing aid is working, using active listening with a teenage patient, or using an interpreter to meet a patient’s needs. Delegation: Assign patient care activities to be conducted by other members of the team as appropriate. |
|
|
Term
| Teaching and learning r/t nursing process - Implementation |
|
Definition
| Use effective communication techniques. Example: Listen attentively to a patient who is anxious, inject humor into a stressful situation, or succinctly inform a physician of abnormal lab values. Use therapeutic communication techniques to establish an effective nurse-patient relationship. Promote a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship by introducing yourself, establishing trust, being empathetic, and maintaining consistency. Structure the environment to promote communication and learning. If required you should arrange furniture, provide privacy, reduce noise level, or provide toys or other devices to promote communication with a preschooler. Provide alternate methods of communication. For instance, use language boards, play, use interpreters, use magic slates or computers for patients with special needs. Use a variety of teaching strategies, from audiovisual to role-playing and demonstration. Use nursing measures to promote continuity of care by way of referrals, support groups, and other community resources. Supervise patient care activities assigned to other members of the health care team. Validate their ability to implement the assigned tasks in keeping with the established guidelines. |
|
|
Term
| Teaching and learning r/t nursing process - evaluation |
|
Definition
| Reassess, document, and report the patient’s response to nursing care including progress toward expected outcomes. Revise the patient’s plan of care based on reassessment of the patient, i.e., increased verbalization, ability to recognize symptoms, refusal to use a hearing aid, participation in group activities, expressing feelings about illness, etc. Determine the patient’s response to care provided by other members of the health care team. For instance, ask the patient for feedback on the teaching session provided by the dietician |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sounds are heard over a tumor.
. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sounds that are heard with percussion over a hyperinflated lung, as is present in emphysema. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is heard with percussion over a normal lung. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sound that is heard over a gastric air bubble |
|
|
Term
| the steps an RN uses to implement a health promotion plan |
|
Definition
1. Review and summarize assessment data
2. Identify health goals
3. Develop a behavioral change plan
4. Structure the support system |
|
|
Term
| Three factors are crucial while developing priorities: |
|
Definition
1. basic physiological needs must be met first, based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
2. needs identified by the patient must be considered
3. anticipated problems must be taken into account. |
|
|
Term
| The nursing process uses strategies to promote good health and wellness of the patient. These problem solving approaches are |
|
Definition
- intuitive problem solving
- scientific problem solving
- trial-and error
- critical thinking |
|
|
Term
| The nursing process is guided by |
|
Definition
| HIPAA, advocacy, and accountability |
|
|
Term
| the best sources of EBP in order of priority |
|
Definition
- clinical trials
- outcomes research
- case studies
- expert opinion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination because of their availability, ease of production and dissemination, mortality rate, and ability to cause a substantial health impact. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- H1N1 INFLUENZA
- Hantavirus
- HIV/AIDS
- Nipah virus
- SARS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- blister
- blood agents
- choking agents
- incapacitation agents
- nerve agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cutaneous burns
- acute radiation syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Biologic weapons - category A |
|
Definition
anthrax
smallpox
salmonella
typhoid |
|
|
Term
| Biologic weapons - Category A |
|
Definition
| Highest priority diseases that pose a risk to national security, are easily transmitted, have high morbidity and mortality, would have a major public health impact and cause panic, and require special public health preparedness. |
|
|
Term
| Biologic weapons - Category B |
|
Definition
| Moderate priority diseases with lower morbidity and mortality and more difficult to disseminate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- E. coli
- Ricin
- S. areus
- Typhus
- viral encephalitis
- abrin toxin
- epsilon toxin |
|
|
Term
| Primary survey for emergency care |
|
Definition
- airway/cervical spine
- breathing
- circulation
- disability/CNS
- exposure
- triage guidelines
- basic first aid
- cardiac arrest and cpr |
|
|
Term
| what guides the primary survey? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inspect for anything that may be causing and obstruction |
|
|
Term
| opening the airway of a pt that is unresponsive and/or with suspicion of trauma |
|
Definition
| a modified jaw thrust maneuver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bag-valve-mask with a 100% O2 source |
|
|
Term
| interventions geared toward restoring effective circulation |
|
Definition
- cpr
- direct control (direct pressure to visible external bleeding)
- obtaining iv access
- infusions of fluids/blood |
|
|
Term
| typical resus fluids, iv, catheter |
|
Definition
- lactated ringer
- 0.9% NS
- antecubital fossa
- a large bore needle catheter |
|
|
Term
| interventions to alleviate shock |
|
Definition
- admin O2
- apply pressure if bleeding
- raise the feet
- admin blood/iv fluids
- monitor vitals
- provide reassurance and support for anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A - alert
V - response to voice
P - response to pain
U - unresponsive |
|
|
Term
| what does hypothermia lead to? |
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction and impaired oxygenation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a life or limb threatening situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ct should be treated soon, but that the risk is not life threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can generally wait for an extended length of time w/o serious deterioration |
|
|
Term
| triage under mass casualty conditions |
|
Definition
| a military form of triage that is implemented w/a focus of achieving the greatest good for the greatest number of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a red tag indicating an immediate threat to life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| id with a yellow tag indicating major injuries that require immediate txt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| green tag, minor injuries that don't require txt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| black tag, expected and allowed to die |
|
|
Term
| what to assess for fractures and splinting |
|
Definition
- swelling, deformity, skin integrity
- temp, distal pulses, mobility
- reassess neurovascular status after splinting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- refrain from wt bearing
- ice
- compression dressing to minimize swelling
- elevate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- hypotension
- tachypnea
- tachycardia
- anxiety
- confusion
- unusual behv
- seizures
- coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white, waxy areas on exposed skin and tissue injury occurs, full or partial thickness |
|
|
Term
| give for frostnip and frostbite |
|
Definition
| pain meds and a tetanus vaccination |
|
|
Term
| warming a frostbite victim |
|
Definition
| 100.4 - 105.8F bath water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| interventions for hypoxia |
|
Definition
- admin O2
- descend to a lower altitude
- steroids and diuretics |
|
|
Term
| what can hypoxia progress to? |
|
Definition
| cerebral and pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the cessation of cardiac function
- the absence of the carotid pulse in the person 1yr and older
- the absence of the brachial pulse in infants up to 1yr |
|
|
Term
| assessment findings of a pt in cardiac arrest |
|
Definition
- skin has ashy appearance
- no respirations
- pupils dilated |
|
|
Term
| the cause of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in 80-90% of victims |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulse-less electrical activity (PEA) |
|
Definition
| the presence of electrical activity but not sufficient enough to stimulate effective cardiac contractions |
|
|
Term
| in children and infants, cardiac arrest is often secondary to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is defibrillation used for a pt undergoing cardiac arrest? |
|
Definition
| ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| the goal of basic life support (BLS) |
|
Definition
| to provide O2 to the vital organs until appropriate advanced resuscitation measures can be initiated or until resuscitative efforts are ordered to be stopped |
|
|
Term
| the goal of advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) |
|
Definition
| the return of spontaneous breathing and circulation |
|
|
Term
| when a defibrillator is immediately available and v-fib or v-tach is confirmed, it can be used |
|
Definition
| prior to the initiation of cpr |
|
|
Term
| the amt of rescue breaths w/o chest compressions for an adol or adult |
|
Definition
- 1 breath every 5-6 secs
- 10-12 breaths/min |
|
|
Term
| the amt of rescue breaths w/o chest compressions for an infant and child |
|
Definition
- 1 breath every 3-5 secs
- 12-20 breaths/min |
|
|
Term
| the amt of rescue breaths given during cpr with an advanced airway, for all ages |
|
Definition
- 1 breath/ 6-8 secs
- 8-10 breaths/min |
|
|
Term
| the med given for VF or pulseless VT |
|
Definition
- epi 1mg IV push every 3-5 mins
or
- vasopressin 40 units IV x 1 only
- switch to epi if no response |
|
|
Term
| other meds that can be considered for VF or pulseless VT |
|
Definition
- amiodarone hcl (Cordarone)
- lidocaine hcl (Xylocaine)
- mag sulfate
- procainamide (Procan SR)
- na bicarb |
|
|
Term
| the amount of defib current that should be delivered for VF or pulseless VT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if PEA rate is slow (bradycardic) what should be admin, and what is the max dose? |
|
Definition
atropine 1mg IV every 3-5 mins
max dose is 0.04mg/kg |
|
|
Term
| the most common causes of pulseless electrical activity (PEA)? the H's? |
|
Definition
- hypovolemia
- hypoxia
- hydrogen ion accumulation resulting in acidosis
- hyper or hypokalemia
- hypothermia |
|
|
Term
| the most common causes of PEA? the T's? |
|
Definition
- tablets/ drug overdoses
- tamponade (cardiac)
- tension pneumothorax
- thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary) |
|
|
Term
| alpha receptor sites and response |
|
Definition
- activate in the arterioles of the skin, viscera and mucous membranes, and veins
- leads to vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| beta receptors site and response |
|
Definition
- heart stimulation leads to increased HR, inc myocardial contractility, inc rate of conduction through the av node
- activation of the receptors in the kidney leads to the release of renin |
|
|
Term
| treated first during a disaster |
|
Definition
| pts who are seriously injured and have the greatest chance of full recovery |
|
|
Term
| dopamine site and response? |
|
Definition
| activation of receptors in the kidneys cause the renal blood vessels to dilate |
|
|
Term
| beta 2 receptors site and response |
|
Definition
- heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle: vasodilation
- bronchial: bronchodilation
- liver: glycogenolysis
- skeletal muscle: muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- incubation period
- prodromal period
- convalescent period
- period of communicability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time between the beginning of nonspecific symptoms and the onset of disease specific symptoms |
|
|
Term
| prodromal period - nonspecific symptoms |
|
Definition
lethargy
low-grade fever
fatigue
malaise |
|
|
Term
| prodromal period - disease specific symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kids are infectious at this point and infectious disease spreads rapidly throughout a community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an accompanying specific rash on the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an accompanying specific rash on the mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period between when the symptoms first begin to fade and when the child returns to a healthy baseline |
|
|
Term
| Period of Communicability: |
|
Definition
| prodromal to beginning of convalescent period |
|
|
Term
| ss of infection disorder on child |
|
Definition
mouth
lesions on mucous membranes (koplik spots)
white plaques on mms (thrush) |
|
|
Term
| ss of infection disorder on child |
|
Definition
skin
warm and dry from fever, rash
reddened, swollen pharynx (infectious mono pharyngitis)
gray membrane in pharynx (diphtheria)
circular, scaly ring under knee (tinea corposis)
flesh-colored papule on top of foot (plantar wart)
linear abrasions on scalp; sandlike particles on hair shafts (pediculosis) |
|
|
Term
| ss of infection disorder on child |
|
Definition
nose
watery discharge (prodromal symptoms of measles) |
|
|
Term
| ss of infection disorder on child |
|
Definition
swollen parotid glands (mumps)
pinpoint papules on a erythematous base, like around the mouth (herpes simplex)
paroxysmal cough (whooping cough)
oozing, honey-colored, crusty lesions on face and hands (impetigo)
crusty lesions between fingers (scabies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any nonliving object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms, such as viruses or bacteria, and hence transferring them from one individual to another. Skin cells, hair, clothing, and bedding are common hospital sources of contamination. |
|
|
Term
| Portal of entry for infections |
|
Definition
- bloodstream
- respiratory
- GI
- skin, muc memb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are neutrophils, and they are usually the first responders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they produce pus (remnants of the organisms, phagocytes, and destroyed tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually indicates phagocytosis is occurring and the infection is resolving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (humoral immunity) – they form antibodies specific to the offending antigens that either actively destroy them or active complement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – a special body protein that is capable of lysing cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (thymus dependent) – killer cells, they can destroy antigens either by direct contact or by the release of lymphokines (eg, interferon) |
|
|
Term
| High risk hospitalized children for infections: |
|
Definition
nutritional deficit
immunosuppressed
indwelling vascular lines or catheters
receiving multiple antibiotic therapy
remain in hospital for > 72 hrs |
|
|
Term
| kinesthetic and visceral stimuli |
|
Definition
| orient the person to the internal environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| awareness and interpretation of stimuli into meaningful info. Takes place in the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It maintains, enhances, or inhibits cortical arousal |
|
|
Term
| responses to both sensory deprivation and overload |
|
Definition
- perceptual changes (eg, mild distortions or hallucinations)
- cog changes (eg, dec concentration and prob-solving ability)
- affective changes (eg, apathy, anxiety, anger, depression, and rapid mood swings) |
|
|
Term
| cts at risk for sensory deprivation |
|
Definition
homebound or institutionalized
bed rest or isolation precautions
sensory deficits
different culture
affective disorders or disturbances of the NS
certain meds that affect the NS |
|
|
Term
| cts at risk for sensory overload |
|
Definition
pain
ICU
intrusive or uncomfortable eqpt
NS disorders or disturbances |
|
|
Term
| assessment of sensory-perception disturbance: |
|
Definition
a nursing history to ID sensory deficits
physical
mental status
ID of at-risk cts
immediate environment
presence of clinical signs of sensory deprivation or overload |
|
|
Term
| NANDA nursing dx r/t a ct's sensory impairments |
|
Definition
Sensory Perception Disturbances: Visual, Auditory, Gustatory, Olfactory, Tactile, Kinesthetic
Acute Confusion
Chronic Confusion
Impaired Memory
Social Isolation
Impaired Verbal Comms
Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
Self-Care Deficit: Bathing/Hygiene
Impaired Home Maintenance
Risk for Injury |
|
|
Term
| Goals for persons with sensory-perception disturbances |
|
Definition
maintaining or promoting the function of existing senses
maintaining or improving comm
preventing injury
avoiding sensory deprivation or overload
reducing social isolation
maintaining or restoring ability to function safely in the environment
ADLs |
|
|
Term
| Interventions to prevent or modify sensory deprivation |
|
Definition
sensory overload, and sensory deficits
promoting healthy sensory function
adjusting environmental stimuli
managing sensory deficits |
|
|
Term
| Cts with sensory deficits need |
|
Definition
instructions about sensory aids available to support residual sensory functions
ways to promote the use of other senses
methods to ensure safety from bodily harm |
|
|
Term
| NICs for sensory alterations |
|
Definition
comm enhancement: hearing deficit
“ visual deficit
nutrition mgmt
environmental mgmt
fall prevention
body mechanics promotion
peripheral sensation mgmt
emotional support
surveillance: safety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- physical/mechanical
- thermal
- chemical
- radiation
- ecological |
|
|
Term
| common safety hazards - ecological |
|
Definition
| risks posed by changes in the environment as a result of man-made or natural changes. Air, water, and noise pollution are examples of ecological hazards. |
|
|
Term
| common safety hazards - radiation |
|
Definition
| exposure to the sun, heat lamps, tanning booths, and x-rays |
|
|
Term
| common safety hazards - chemical |
|
Definition
| agents present in a person’s surroundings that can potentially cause injury and include medications, poisons, carbon monoxide, radon, and lead paint. |
|
|
Term
| common safety hazards - thermal |
|
Definition
| substances that can cause burns, chills, and fire. These include gas stoves, electrical hazards, and exposure to heat, cold, and fire |
|
|
Term
| common safety hazards - physical/mechanical |
|
Definition
| caused by unsafe physical conditions. These include wet floors, throw rugs that slide, stairs without handrails, poor lighting, improper use of restraints, defective equipment, and unsecured firearms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Age
Individual preference
Physical condition
Cultural and spiritual needs Socioeconomic factors
Environmental factors
Psychological factors |
|
|
Term
| factors affecting safety - individual preferences |
|
Definition
- lifestyle
- occupation
- risky lifestyle
- use of meds
- history of previous injuries |
|
|
Term
| factors affecting safety - environmental |
|
Definition
- proximity to disaster situations
- occupational
- ergonomic
- neighborhood
- cleanliness |
|
|
Term
| There are four major types of chemical weapons: |
|
Definition
nerve agents
choking/lung/pulmonary agents
cyanides
vesicants or blister agents |
|
|
Term
| Treatments for chemical weapon exposure include |
|
Definition
providing for an open airway, respiratory support
antidotes
specific treatment related to the particular agent
These situations demand an immediate decontamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- biological, chemical, nuclear weapons
- natural disasters
- weapons of terror |
|
|
Term
| There are four key steps to assessing risk |
|
Definition
- develop a communication plan
- plan out how to tackle the emergency
- assign accountability
- Annual update reviews, individual updates for staff regarding particular events, and disaster are provided |
|
|
Term
| Staff education should cover the following points: |
|
Definition
- Identification of potential agents such as anthrax, smallpox, chemical, or nuclear agents
- Mass casualty treatment protocols
- Personal protective equipment for each emergency
- Infection control practices (for example, standard precautions and decontamination).
- Identification of disaster resources and their availability
- Discussion of psychological aspects of bioterrorism (for example anxiety, paranoia, and social isolation)
- Planning for recovery and rehabilitation. |
|
|
Term
| hospital emergency preparedness plan |
|
Definition
- Communication plan (within and outside the hospital)
- Protocols for individual threats to the hospital
- Mass casualty protocols and infection control policies
- Comprehensive education plan for the staff
- Identification of resources needed during a disaster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Etiology Agent - The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Reservoir - Man Portal of Exit - Via the respiratory system when the infected person coughs or sneezes Means of Transmission - Airborne droplets Portal of Entry- Via the respiratory system Host - Man |
|
|
Term
| There are six elements in the chain of infection: |
|
Definition
- etiological/infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- mode of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a host or source of pathogens, which can include another human, a plant, an animal, or even an inanimate object. Humans can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. People who are asymptomatic may also be called “carriers” of that disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a route out of the reservoir. These can include the nose and mouth for respiratory diseases. The most common way a blood-borne disease can “exit” is from bleeding, insect bites, and use of syringes and needles. Other portals of exits can include the GI tract and the urethra or genital area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the likelihood the infectious agent will cause illness in an individual |
|
|
Term
| There are four stages in the human response to pathogens: |
|
Definition
| the incubation period, the prodromal stage, the full stage of illness, and the convalescent stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time from the initial contact or invasion of the pathogen until the first symptoms appear |
|
|
Term
| Many factors affect the length of the incubation period |
|
Definition
- the virulence and time exposed to the pathogen
- the host’s level of susceptibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- This is the stage where non-specific symptoms first appear
- the host is most infectious
- can last for a few hours or several days
- Fatigue and a low-grade fever are the most common symptoms at this stage
- infected individuals may not realize they are contagious and therefore the disease spreads at this time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- signs and symptoms are very specific and individuals recognize that they are sick
- The symptoms can be localized or systemic |
|
|
Term
| The human body’s defense system fights infection through |
|
Definition
- the body’s inflammatory response
- immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is the body’s response to injury or invasion by a pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the body further controls the invasion by neutralizing the pathogen. The pathogen is neutralized by neutrophils, which surround and consume it. |
|
|
Term
| Inflammatory response - invasion |
|
Definition
| The body further controls the invasion by releasing fluid, cells, and other by-products of the inflammatory process from the wound as exudate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In this type of defense system, the body identifies the invading microorganisms as foreign bodies or antigens. It then produces antibodies in response to the antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- standard
- transmission based |
|
|
Term
| types of precautions - standard |
|
Definition
| These are the basic precautions applicable to all patients in health care settings. You need to use these precautions when there is risk of coming in contact with any body fluid, such as blood, secretions, excretions, mucous membranes, and non-intact skin. |
|
|
Term
| types of precautions - transmission based |
|
Definition
These precautions are used in addition to standard
NUR104: Essentials of Nursing Care: Health Safety Module 6
© Excelsior College 2017
precautions for suspected infections that are transmitted by droplet, airborne, or contact routes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When visibly dirty When arriving and leaving patient care unit After coming into direct contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, contaminated items Before and after donning gloves Between patient contacts |
|
|
Term
| Soiled patient-care equipment |
|
Definition
When handling these, you need to:
Ensure that there is no transfer of microorganisms to others and to the environment; Wear gloves if the contamination is visible Perform hand hygiene |
|
|
Term
| areas of infection control |
|
Definition
- soiled patient care equip
- environmental
- textiles and laundry
- needles and other sharps
- pt resuscitation
- pt placement- respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette |
|
|
Term
| You need to assign single-rooms to patients who are: |
|
Definition
| At increased risk of transmission Likely to contaminate the environment Not maintaining appropriate hygiene At increased risk of acquiring infection or developing adverse outcome following infection |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette |
|
Definition
| (source containment of infectious respiratory secretions in symptomatic patients, beginning at initial point of encounter e.g., triage and reception areas in emergency departments and physician offices): |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- first perform hand hygiene
- Don PPE in the following sequence: gown, mask, eyewear, and gloves.
- Select PPE of the correct size.
- Ensure it fits properly and covers all areas it is meant to cover
- Keep hands away from the face. -
- Work from dirty to clean -
- Limit items and surfaces touched.
- Change PPE that is torn or heavily contaminated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- gown
- mask
- eyeware
- gloves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- at the doorway before leaving the patient’s room or in the anteroom.
- Do not touch the outer side of the PPE, which is contaminated.
- Remove PPE in the following sequence: gloves, gown, eyewear, and mask.
- After removing the gloves and gown, perform hand hygiene before removing the other PPE.
- Place the used PPE in the appropriate waste container or the receptacle for reprocessing.
- Perform hand hygiene immediately after removing the PPE. |
|
|
Term
| Remove PPE in the following sequence: |
|
Definition
- gloves
-gown
-eyewear
- mask |
|
|
Term
| Several factors affect how people maintain personal hygiene. |
|
Definition
- culture
- environment
- health
- devp level
- personal preference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- clean technique
- handwashing and wearing of gloves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The purpose of medical asepsis is to |
|
Definition
| confine pathogens and prevent their transmission to others |
|
|
Term
| The purpose of surgical asepsis is to |
|
Definition
| remove pathogenic microbes in order to protect against infection |
|
|
Term
| The practice of hygiene involves |
|
Definition
| caring for one’s skin, eyes, ears, nails, teeth, and genital areas |
|
|
Term
| The Nursing Process and Hygiene - assessment |
|
Definition
need to gather data related to the integumentary system, susceptibility to infection, access to basic hygiene facilities, etc
- Some areas to pay attention to are temperature, presence or absence of moisture, any skin lesions, sensation, color, texture, and vascularity |
|
|
Term
| Wounds are classified as: |
|
Definition
Intentional or accidental
Open or closed
Acute or chronic |
|
|
Term
| Wound depth is classified as: |
|
Definition
Partial thickness
Full thickness
Complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemostasis: the cessation of bleeding Inflammation: classic signs are redness, edema, warmth, and pain which typically last four days post injury Proliferation: wound repair takes place Maturation: remodeling dermal tissue to close the wound |
|
|
Term
| Factors associated with wound healing: |
|
Definition
Local: extent of trauma, edema, pressure, infection, etc.
Systemic: circulation, nutrition, health status, immune system, medication, and the patient’s age |
|
|
Term
| Factors associated with delayed wound healing: |
|
Definition
Infection
Prolonged bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dehiscence: the partial or total separation of the wound edges Evisceration: complete separation of the wound with protrusion of viscera. This is a medical emergency.
Other considerations:
Pain: Pain is both a physical and psychological component of the trauma caused by wounds. Anxiety: Anxiety and fear are common in a patient who has been wounded. Addressing these issues is a very important aspect of caring for the patient. Change in body image: This can be a major issue for patients, especially when the wound or scar is visible to others. |
|
|
Term
| Factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers include: |
|
Definition
External pressure: Prolonged pressure on the skin and tissues is, by far, the most common cause of pressure ulcers.
Boney prominences, when exposed to such pressure, are especially vulnerable. Shearing and friction: Sliding down in a bed or chair or being pulled across bed sheets are also likely to cause pressure ulcers. |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers: |
|
Definition
Immobility: Immobility is one of the primary reasons for the development of pressure ulcers.
Moisture: Moisture due to sweat, urine, and feces removes oil from skin, increasing the damage caused by shear and friction.
Nutrition: Protein malnourishment increases the likelihood of cellular damage. Underweight individuals have increased pressure on bony prominences. Overweight individuals may have decreased circulation to the tissue.
Mental status: Patients who are not fully conscious may not be aware of any physical discomfort or be able to reposition themselves.
Age: As a person ages, the skin becomes thin and fragile, increasing the risk of developing pressure ulcers |
|
|
Term
| The stages in a pressure ulcer include: |
|
Definition
Suspected deep tissue injury: There is purple or maroon discoloration of intact skin or blood-filled blisters resulting from damage of underlying soft tissue. Stage I: Skin is intact, but not blanchable.
Stage II: There is partial thickness loss of the dermis, which is shallow with a pink wound bed.
Stage III: There is full thickness loss of the dermis. Fat may be visible, but no other underlying structures are visible. Stage IV: There is full thickness loss of dermis with exposed underlying structures such as bones, tendon, and/or muscle.
Unstageable: There is full thickness loss that is covered by slough and/or eschar |
|
|
Term
| Braden scale for pressure ulcer risk - The lower the individual scores on the Braden Scale, the higher the chances of developing pressure ulcers |
|
Definition
Sensory perception
Moisture
Activity
Mobility
Nutrition
Shear and friction risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SEVERE RISK: Total score 9
HIGH RISK: Total score 10-12
MODERATE RISK: Total score 13-14 MILD RISK: Total score 15-18 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| antibiotics target the processes of the invading organisms |
|
Definition
some go after protein synthesis
some inhibit DNA or RNA synthesis
some destroy the cell wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
penicillin
cephalosporin: 1-3 generations
tetracyclines
macrolides (erythromycin)
aminoglycosides
quinolones (ciproflaxin)
sulfonamides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- skin infections, otitis media, sinusitis, respiratory infections, GU infections
- they kill gram+ and gram– bacteria by destroying the cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - can be used for people who can't tolerate penicillins |
|
|
Term
| 1st generation cephalosporins |
|
Definition
– used mainly for people allergic to penicillin
they act against gram+ bacteria |
|
|
Term
| 2nd generation cephalosporins |
|
Definition
treat nosocomial pneumonia
treat pelvic or intraabdominal infections |
|
|
Term
| 3rd generation cephalosporins |
|
Definition
| act against gram- bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
they prevent bacteria from making protein (protein synthesis)
useful against gram- and gram+ microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a scaly scalp condition often called cradle cap |
|
|
Term
| 3 factors to consider when choosing an antibiotic |
|
Definition
- identity of the infecting organism
- drug sensitivity of the infecting organism
- host factors, such as the site of the infection, and the status of host defenses |
|
|
Term
| reasons for choosing a drug of choice |
|
Definition
- greater efficacy
- lower toxicity
- a more narrow spectrum |
|
|
Term
| conditions that might rule out a first-choice drug |
|
Definition
- allergy to 1st drug of choice
- inability of the drug of choice to penetrate to the site of infection
- heightened susceptibility of the pt to toxicity of the first choice drug |
|
|
Term
| quickest, simplest, and most versatile technique to id a m.org |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| culture samples should not be exposed to |
|
Definition
- low temp
- antiseptics
- oxygen |
|
|
Term
| microbes that can be detected by a PCR test |
|
Definition
- C. diff
- S. areus
- H. pylori
- HIV
- flu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- disk diffusion
- serial dilution
- gradient diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| testing a bacteria against different zones of an antibiotic to see which one works |
|
|
Term
| serial dilution establishes |
|
Definition
- the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), but does not kill
- the minimum bactericidal conc (MBC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides a more precise indication of MIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- immune system
- phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
| the goal of using antibiotics |
|
Definition
- not to totally kill
- to suppress microbial growth enough to give the host defenses a chance to kill it on their own |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to be effective, a drug must be at the site of infection and at a greater conc than the MIC |
|
|
Term
| examples of hampered drug penetration |
|
Definition
- meningitis, because of blood-brain barrier
- endocarditis because of bacterial vegetation
- infected abscesses due to poor vascularity, pus and other materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- use drug that crosses blood-brain barrier, or
- inject drug directly into subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| treating abscesses with exudate hindering an antibiotic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs with high incidences of allergic reactions by pts |
|
Definition
- penicillin
- sulfonamides
- trimethoprim
- erythromycin |
|
|
Term
| genetic factors can influence |
|
Definition
- a pt's response to a drug
- a pt's rate of metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- highly vulnerable to drug toxicity
- use of sulfonamides can cause kernicturis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a severe neurologic disorder caused by displacement of bilirubin from plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
| children/adols and microbials |
|
Definition
| tetracyclines cause discoloration of teeth |
|
|
Term
| pregnant women and microbials |
|
Definition
| gentamicin can cause irreversible hearing loss in the baby |
|
|
Term
| breast-feeding and microbials |
|
Definition
| - sulfonamides in breast milk can cause kernicterus |
|
|
Term
| older adults and microbials |
|
Definition
| reduced rates of metabolism and drug excretion can cause accumulation of toxic levels |
|
|
Term
| successful antimicrobial txt requires |
|
Definition
- it must be at the site of infection
- an effective concentration
- at a sufficient amount of time |
|
|
Term
| the desirable antimicrobial concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| duration of therapy depends on |
|
Definition
- site of infection
- status of host defenses
- the id of an infecting organism |
|
|
Term
| dangers of stopping antibiotics too early |
|
Definition
- recurrent infection
- the organisms are likely to become more drug resistant than when txt began |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they interfere with the spread of bloodborne pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Body substance isolation (BSI) – |
|
Definition
| it employs generic infection control precautions for all cts except for those with the few diseases xmitted through the air |
|
|
Term
| Transmission-based precautions |
|
Definition
(Tier Two)
airborne
droplet
contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
put on gown
put on face mask
don gloves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
remove gloves first
wash hands
remove face mask
remove gown |
|
|
Term
| Different names are used to identify the same drug and include: |
|
Definition
| Generic: This is the official name of the medication. Most drugs are prescribed using the generic name. For example, levothyroxine sodium. Official: This is how the drug is listed in publications and is almost always the generic name. Trade/Brand: This is the trademark name used by the drug company. For example, Synthroid. Chemical: This is the specific chemical description of the drug. For example, l-thyroxine or T4 |
|
|
Term
| There are many forms of medication preparations available. Some of the more common types include: |
|
Definition
| Pills/capsules/tablets: Used for oral administration and generally absorbed the slowest. Syrups: Medications that are mixed with water and sugar solution. Lotions or Ointments: Medication preparation for a topical application. Powders: Finely ground drugs that can be put into another form, such as a capsule, for administration. Suppositories: Medication in a form that easily melts for use via the rectum, vagina, or urethra. Transdermal Patches: Applied directly to the skin for diffusion to the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| routes of drug admin - enteral |
|
Definition
| Oral: Medication is administered by mouth in liquid or pill form. Via gastrointestinal tubes: Medications are administered through nasogastric, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) or jejunostomy tubes. Buccal: Medicine is placed between the gums and cheek. Sublingual: Medicine is placed under the tongue |
|
|
Term
| routes of drug admin - parenteral |
|
Definition
| Intramuscular: Medication is injected into muscle tissue. Subcutaneous: Drug is injected into the subcutaneous tissue. Intravenous: Medication is injected directly into the blood stream through a vein |
|
|
Term
| routes of drug admin - topical |
|
Definition
| Transdermal: Medicine is administered through the skin. Instillations: The medication is placed into a body cavity. Irrigations: A liquid medication is used to wash out a body cavity. Nebulizers/Metered Dose Inhalers: Medication is inhaled directly into the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which drugs alter cell physiology to have their desired effect. A drug can change a body’s processes by promoting, turning on, turning off, or blocking normal responses |
|
|
Term
| The types of adverse drug effects are: |
|
Definition
Side effects: Refer to any unintended effect of a drug Synergistic effects: Drug-to-drug reaction that increases the effect of one or both drugs when used in combination, which could be desirable or undesirable. Antagonistic effects: Drug-to-drug reaction that decreases the effect of one or both drugs when used in combination, which could be desirable or undesirable. Toxic effects: Drug effects that could lead to permanent damage or even death. Idiosyncratic effects: Unpredicted response to a drug that could be opposite to the intended effect.
Allergic response: This is caused when the body identifies a drug as a foreign body and triggers the immune system to respond by producing antibodies. Allergic effects can be minor or lifethreatening. The most serious allergic effect is called an anaphylactic reaction, which is a medical emergency. Drug tolerance: This is caused when the body becomes accustomed to a particular drug and, therefore, higher doses are necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refer to any unintended effect of a drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug-to-drug reaction that increases the effect of one or both drugs when used in combination, which could be desirable or undesirable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drug-to-drug reaction that decreases the effect of one or both drugs when used in combination, which could be desirable or undesirable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unpredicted response to a drug that could be opposite to the intended effect |
|
|
Term
| factors that can affect drug metabolism, drug action, and patient adherence |
|
Definition
| Gender, economic challenges, lifestyle choices, and dietary practices are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drugs can affect women and men in different ways. Gender influences how body fat is distributed in a person. For example, men are more prone to have fat deposits in the stomach region. A patient’s body fat distribution has a minor effect on absorption and distribution of medication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual patients may have specific preferences related to taking medications. Individual preferences also play a role in the lifestyle choices of patients. Some examples of individual preferences include favoring syrups rather than pills, timing when medication is taken based on daily schedule and waking or sleeping patterns, using alcohol, tobacco and other drugs, and using alternative medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The current physical condition of a patient plays an important role in how a medicine affects the patient. Medicines that are known to have severe side effects on a particular organ will have a significant impact on patients in whom the organ is already impaired. Some examples of physical condition impacting drug action are eyesight, physical dexterity, ability to swallow, organ function (affecting excretion and absorption), presence of disease, and presence of food in the system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Storage of medications, expiration dates, sensory deprivation and overload, and nutritional state are all factors to be considered for medication safety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A patient’s ability to schedule and adhere to a schedule and whether the patient believes the medication will help are important influencers of patients taking their medications. Patients with mental illnesses may have impaired reactions or not take medications as prescribed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- therapeutic range
- peak level
- trough
- half life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the level of drug concentration that produces the desired effect of the drug |
|
|
Term
| The peak serum drug level is |
|
Definition
| taken once a drug’s absorption is complete. The peak level will depend on the individual drug and the route in which it was administered. The peak level is the highest concentration serum level of a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Question: What is the term for a trademark name by a drug company? Correct Answer: Brand Question: What is the term for the body becoming unresponsive to the effects to a particular drug? Correct Answer: Drug Tolerance Question: What is the specific name that describes a drug’s composition? Correct Answer: Chemical Question: What is the term for the process of elimination of a drug from the body? Correct Answer: Excretion Question: What is the term for the process in which drugs alter cell physiology to achieve their desired effect? Correct Answer: Pharmacodynamics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Question: What is the term for the undesirable effects of a drug? Correct Answer: Adverse Effects Question: What is the term for the side effect where the body identifies the drug as a foreign body and triggers the immune system to respond with antibodies? Correct Answer: Allergic Response Question: What is the term for any unintended impacts of a drug? Correct Answer: Side Effects Question: What is the term for the unpredicted responses to a drug? Correct Answer: Idiosyncratic Effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Question: What is the term for the drug reactions that increase the effect of one or both drugs when used in combination? Correct Answer: Synergistic Effects Question: What is the term for the drug effects that could lead to permanent damage or even death? Correct Answer: Toxic Effects Question: What is the official name that is most commonly used to prescribe drugs? Correct Answer: Generic Question: What is the term for the process of transportation of a drug from where it enters the body to the bloodstream? Correct Answer: Absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Question: What is the term for how a drug is listed in publications? This name is usually the same as the generic name. Correct Answer: Official Question: What is the term for the process of the drug spreading through the body and to the tissues? Correct Answer: Distribution Question: What is the term for the process performed by the liver, where the drug is changed from one form into another? Correct Answer: Metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most important properties of an ideal drug |
|
Definition
- effectiveness: the most important over all
- safety: even it is admin at high doses over a long period of time
- selectivity: it only elicits the response for which it's given
- there is no such thing as a wholly selective drug |
|
|
Term
| addl properties of an ideal drug |
|
Definition
- reversibility
- predictability
- ease of admin
- freedom from interaction with other drugs
- low cost
- chemical stability: not lose its effectiveness over time
- a simple generic name |
|
|
Term
| the ultimate concern when admin a drug |
|
Definition
| intensity of the response |
|
|
Term
| factors that determine the intensity of a drug response |
|
Definition
- prescribed dose
- admin dose
- conc at sites of action
- intensity of responses |
|
|
Term
| proper drug admin depends on |
|
Definition
- patient adherence
- no med errors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it determines how much of a drug gets to its site of action |
|
|
Term
| the impact of the body on drugs |
|
Definition
- absorption
- distribution
- metabolism
- excretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- impact of the drug on the body
- it determines the nature and intensity of the response
- it's influenced by:
- drug-receptor interaction
- pt's functional state
- placebo effects |
|
|
Term
| sources of individual variation |
|
Definition
| characteristics unique to each pt can influence p.kinetics and p.dynamics |
|
|
Term
| sources of individual variation |
|
Definition
- variables:
- physiologic
- pathologic
- genetic
- drug interactions |
|
|
Term
| sources of individual variation - physiologic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sources of individual variation - pathologic |
|
Definition
| - diminished function of the kidneys and liver |
|
|
Term
| sources of individual variation - genetic |
|
Definition
| can alter the metabolism of drugs and predispose the pt to unique drug reactions |
|
|
Term
| application of the nursing process in drug therapy |
|
Definition
| directed at individualizing txt which is critical to achieving the therapeutic objective |
|
|
Term
| evaluation stage of drug therapy |
|
Definition
- therapeutic responses
- adverse reactions and interactions
- pt adherence
- pt satisfaction with txt |
|
|
Term
| 7 aspects of drug therapy |
|
Definition
- preadmission assessment
- dosage and admin
- evaluating and promoting therapeutic effects
- minimizing adverse effects
- minimizing adverse interactions
- making prn decisions
- managing toxicity |
|
|
Term
| 7 aspects of drug therapy - preadmission assessment |
|
Definition
- develop a baseline to evaluate therapeutic and adverse responses
- id high risk pts
- assess pt's capacity for self-care |
|
|
Term
| measures to reduce adverse events |
|
Definition
- id high risk pts through the pt history
- ensuring proper admin through pt education
- teaching pts about activities that might precipitate adverse events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the major adverse events the drug can produce
- when they are likely to occur
- id early signs
- minimize discomfort and harm |
|
|
Term
| educating the pt on drugs to be given |
|
Definition
- dosage and admin
- drug name (both)
- dosage and admin schedule
- technique of admin
- duration of drug use
- storage |
|
|
Term
| teaching about therapeutic effect |
|
Definition
- what to expect
- how long it will take
- have pt use nondrug techniques also |
|
|
Term
| analysis and nursing diagnosis - 3 phases |
|
Definition
- judge the appropriateness of the prescribed regimen
- id potential health probs the drug might cause
- determine capacity of pt's self-care |
|
|
Term
| highest priority reactions to drugs |
|
Definition
1. life threatening
2. reactions that cause severe, acute discomfort or long term harm |
|
|
Term
| 4 major groups of interventions |
|
Definition
- drug admin
- enhancing therapeutic effects
- minimize adverse effects and interactions
- pt education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lab tests
- observation of the pt
- physical
- pt interviews |
|
|
Term
| evaluating adherence of drug use |
|
Definition
- blood test
- pt interview
- counting pills
- pt understanding of taking the drugs |
|
|
Term
| why a pt won't take a drug |
|
Definition
- too expensive
- too complicated
- bad side effects
- inconvenient dosage schedule
- pt doesn't feel the drug is necessary |
|
|
Term
| federal pure food and drug act 1906 |
|
Definition
| the first American law to regulate drugs |
|
|
Term
| food, drug, and cosmetic act 1938 |
|
Definition
| the first legislation to address drug safety |
|
|
Term
| 1962, harris-kefauver amendments to the food, drug, and cosmetic act |
|
Definition
- the first law that required that drugs must prove to be effective
- it was retroactive
- required rigorous testing |
|
|
Term
| 1970, controlled substance act |
|
Definition
- controlled substances, schedules I-V
- schedule I: no accepted medical use in the US and they have a high potential for abuse
- schedule II-V: accepted medical use in the US and they have a high potential for abuse |
|
|
Term
| 1992, fda regulations permit accelerated approval |
|
Definition
| - drugs for aids and cancer |
|
|
Term
| the prescription drug fee act, 1992 |
|
Definition
| it speeds up the review process for new drugs at the cost of the pharmaceutical process |
|
|
Term
| the fda modernization act, 1997 |
|
Definition
called for widespread changes in fda regulations
- the FastTrack system established for aids and cancer drugs now includes drugs for other serious or life-threatening conditions
- manufacturers that plan to stop making a drug must inform pts at least 6 months in advance
- a clinical trial database is required for drugs made for serious or life-threatening illnesses
- drug companies can now give prescribers journal articles showing off-label use for their drugs |
|
|
Term
| the best pharmaceuticals for children act, 2002 and the pediatric research equality act, 2003 |
|
Definition
designed to promote much needed research on drug safety and efficacy of drugs for children
- it is required by the fda |
|
|
Term
| the fda amendments act, 2007 |
|
Definition
the fda requires new testing on drugs already on the market if they cause any problems to pts
- the fda has the authority to restrict or remove the drug |
|
|
Term
| the family smoking prevention and tobacco control act, 2009 |
|
Definition
| - fda can now regulate cigarettes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- random
- controlled
- blind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| preclinical phase, 1-5yrs |
|
Definition
- animals
- tests for toxicities, p.kinetic properties, and potentially useful biologic effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical trials - phase I |
|
Definition
- healthy volunteers
- evaluates: drug metabolism
- p.kinetics
- drug metabolism |
|
|
Term
| clinical trials - phase II and III |
|
Definition
- patients 5-5000
- determine: therapeutic effects
- dosage range
- safety
- effectiveness |
|
|
Term
| clinical trials - phase IV |
|
Definition
- drug is released for general use
- its effects on the general population is observed |
|
|
Term
| consideration when prescribing a new drug |
|
Definition
| be neither the first to adopt the new, nor the last to abandon the old |
|
|
Term
| when considering a generic over a brand |
|
Definition
| determine if there is a difference in the absorption rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines the concentration of a drug at its site of action, and thereby determine the intensity and time course of responses |
|
|
Term
| how drugs cross membranes |
|
Definition
- passing through pores
- undergoing xport
- penetrating the membrane directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- found in the liver, kidney, placenta, intestine, and brain capillaries
- it can xport a variety of drugs OUT of cells |
|
|
Term
| to cross membranes, most drugs must |
|
Definition
| dissolve directly into the lipid bilayer of the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cross membranes simply |
|
|
Term
| drugs that are polar or ionized |
|
Definition
| can't cross membranes simply |
|
|
Term
| absorption is enhanced by |
|
Definition
- rapid drug dissolution
- high lipid solubility of the drug
- a large surface area for absorption
- high blood flow at the site of admin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rapid onset
- precise control of drug entering the blood
- suitability for use with lg volumes of fluid
- suitability for irritant drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- high cost
- difficulty
- inconvenience
- danger because of irreversibility
- the potential for fluid overload, infection, and embolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- suitability for insoluble drugs
- suitability for depot preparations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inconvenience
- potential for discomfort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- suitability for insoluble drugs
- suitability for depot preparations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inconvenience
- potential for discomfort |
|
|
