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Definition
| a source of energy in the environment that activates a sensory response |
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Definition
| The process of converting physical engery in the enviroment into neural impulses |
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Definition
| The tendency of sensory systems to respond less to stimuli that continue w/o changing |
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| The process by which the brain selects, organizes, and interprets information recieved through the senses |
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Definition
- figure-ground
- closure
- proximity
- similarity
- continuity
- simplisticity
- context
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Definition
a readiness to respond to a stimulus in a certian way...generally created by three factors
- past experience
- present contex
- social referencing
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Definition
| The awareness of the senations, thoughts, and feelings that a person is experiencing at any moment |
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| Altered states of consciousness |
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Definition
| qualitatively different patterns of experience where the usual ways of processing information are modified or disrupted |
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Term
| NREM sleep (Non-rapid eye movement) |
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Definition
| consists of four stages of varying "depth" of sleep marked by different/distinct brian wave patterns |
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| REM Sleep (rapid eye movement) |
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Definition
| dream sleep, autonomic activites increases, but eratic (pulse, blood pressure, respiration) both males and females evidence signs of sexual arousal |
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Definition
| a storylike sequence of visual images, occuring duing REM sleep |
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Definition
| an induced state in which the person is highly suseptible to suggestions that may change the senstations of the subject |
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Definition
| Drugs that operate on the nervous system to alter a person's arousal level, emotions, perceptions, thinking and behavior |
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Definition
| substances that depress/slow down the activity of the nervous system, provifing a sedating, calming effect |
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Definition
| substances that increase the activity level of the nervous ststem, increasing alertness, energy and autonomic reactivity (heart rate, blood pressure, etc.) |
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Definition
| substances that significatantly alter converntional perception and though |
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Definition
| sensations and perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimulation |
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Definition
| a group of painkilling drugs that induce euphoria followed by lethargy and sleepiness |
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Definition
| A pattern of psyhoactive drug use characterized by tolerance and withdrawal |
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Definition
| Increased resistence to a drug's effects accomplaning continued use, often resulting inneding a greater amount or more frequent use for the desired effect |
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Definition
| physical and/or emotional symptoms that appear when someone addicted to a drug stops taking it |
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Definition
| any relatively permanant change in behavior or knowledge due to past experience |
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Definition
| A basic form of learning where behavior is paired with the consequences of the behavior in order to increase, or decrease, the probability of the behavior occurring again |
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Definition
| Anthing that follows behavior and increases the chance it will occur again (Aka reward) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that follows behavior and decreases the chance it will occur again |
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Term
| Positive Punishment (AKA presentation punishment) |
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Definition
| A presenting a aversive stimulas after the behavior (Speeding Ticket) |
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| Negative Punishment (AKA removal punishment) |
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Definition
| Removing a pleasant stimulus after the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
an increase in the probability of a behavior occurring following the removal of an aversive, unpleasant stimulus
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Definition
| reward after every appropriate response |
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Term
| Partial/Variable/Intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| Any pattern where reward does not follow every response, this may be based on certain time period or after a certain number of responses |
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Definition
| The learning of a complex behavior by reinforcing a series of simpler steps which lead to the desired behavior as an endpoint |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic form of learning in which existing involuntary/ reflex responses are attached to a new stimulus by pairing it with a stimulis that naturally elicits the response |
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Term
Extinction
(Apply to Both Opperant and classical conditioning) |
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Definition
| The gradual weakening of a conditioned response when reinforcement is withdrawn (operant) or when the association between two stimuli is broken (classical) (Rat being fed by pettle and then pettle stops working) |
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Term
Spontaneous recovery
(Apply to Both Opperant and classical conditioning)
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Definition
| the reappearance of a conditioned response that has been extinguished (Rat being fed again) |
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Term
Stimulas Generalization
(Apply to Both Opperant and classical conditioning)
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Definition
| The transfer of learning fromone stimulas to others that are similar (door) |
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Term
Stimulus Discrimination
(Apply to Both Opperant and classical conditioning)
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Definition
| The ability to detect differences between stimuli, that are similar but not identical, and to modify one's response (end of door handle) |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that has occurred, without reinforcement off overt responses, but is not shown in behavior (9/11) |
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Term
| Congnitive-social/cognitive (Behavior Prespection) |
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Definition
| Incorporates concepts of conditioning but adds two elements: a focus on cognition and a focus on social learning |
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Term
| Observation learning/vicarious conditioning/modelling |
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Definition
| learning that takes place when we watch the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the expectancy that our behavior can bring about the outcomes we seek |
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Term
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Definition
| The expectancy that our behavior will have no impact on causing the outcomes we seek |
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Term
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Definition
| The persistence of learning over time via encoding, storage, and retriecal of information |
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Term
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Definition
| The conversion of sensory energy into a form within the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| The retention of encoded information in memory |
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Term
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Definition
| The recovery of information from long-term memory into short term/ working memory |
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Term
| Sensory Memory/Sensory registers |
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Definition
| The initial processing of information in the memory system, lasting no more than a second |
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Term
| Short term memory/working memory |
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Definition
| Memory that holds a few items for roughly 20-30 seconds so the information can be used, manipulated, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeping information in working memory by repeating it over and over |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory for facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills, and experiences which is limitless and may last a lifetime |
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Term
| Elebratorative rehearsal (AKA deeper processing) |
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Definition
| An aid to long term memory storage that involves thinking about the meaning of information and associating it to something we already know |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of converting information in working memory into storage in long-term information |
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Definition
| Recreating information by using memories, logic, expectations, and schemes |
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Term
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Definition
| our tendency to recall best the first and last in a list rather than the middle |
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Term
| Rote Memorization (AKA shallow processing) |
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Definition
| Remembering information by repetition with necessarily understanding the meaning of the information (phone number) |
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Definition
| Grouping individual bits of information into meaningful, manageable units |
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Definition
| stimuli that can be used to facilitate recollection |
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Definition
| Clusters of interconnected information |
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Term
| Spreading activation theory |
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Definition
| Activating one piece of information in a network triggers activation in closely related areas |
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Definition
| The tendency to recall best when one's emotional state is the same during recall of a memory as it was during encoding of the memory (classroom seat) |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious encoding of incidental information and of over-learned infromation |
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Term
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Definition
| Encoding that requires attention and concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to retrieve information from memory storage |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid initial loss of information followed by a more gradual decline tending to level off |
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Definition
| Weakening and fading of memories from non-use |
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Definition
| The process that occurs when remembering certian information is hampered by the presence of other information |
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Definition
| The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info (Schedule) |
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Definition
| The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
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Definition
| Mentally manipulating information |
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Definition
| an abstraction, averaging many instances/examples (dog drawling) |
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Alagorithms
(Problem solving) |
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Definition
| systematic, step-by-step, procedures that GUARANTEE A SOLUTION to a problem (Carpet story) |
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Term
Heuristic
(Problem Solving) |
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Definition
| A general stratedgy used in attempting to solve a problem, often helpful but NOT GUARANTEED TO YEILD A SOLUTION (Term Paper) |
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Term
| Response set/perceptual set |
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Definition
| Readiness to respond to stimulus in a certain, predetermined way |
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Definition
| The tendency for people to search for confirmation of what they already believe |
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Definition
| The tendency to respond to one's emotions instead being objective in estimating probable outcomes of one's actions (Pully system of emotions and objective reasoning) |
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