Term
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Definition
| essential mineral nutrients found in the human body in amounts smaller than 5g; sometimes called MICROminerals |
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Term
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Definition
| mucous membrane such as the one that lines the GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen-holding protein of the muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| iron-holding part of the hemoglobin and myoglobin and myoglobin proteins. About 40% of the iron in meat, fish, and poultry is bound to heme; the other 60% is nonheme iron |
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Term
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Definition
| a peptide released during the digestion of Meat, Fish, and Poultry (MFP) that enhances nonheme iron absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| an iron-storage protein primarily made in times of iron overload |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone produced by the liver that regulates iron balance |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of having depleted iron stores |
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Term
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Definition
| severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin and small, pale red blood cells. Anemias that impair hemoglobin synthesis are microcytic (small cell) |
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Term
| erythrocyte protoporphyrin |
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Definition
| a precursor to hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of the volume of the red blood cells packed by centrifuge in a given volume of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a craving for nonfood substances. Also known as geophagia when referring to clay eating and pagophagia when referring to ice craving |
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Term
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Definition
| toxicity from excess iron |
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Term
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Definition
| a genetically determined failure to prevent absorption of unneeded dietary iron that is characterized by iron overload and tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by the deposition of hemosiderin in the liver and other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| iron found in foods as the result of contamination by inorganic iron salts from iron cookware, iron-containing soils, and the like |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that can grasp the positive ions of a mineral; chele = claw |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that contain one or more minerals as part of their structures |
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Term
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Definition
| a sulfur-rich protein that avidly binds with and transports metals such as zinc |
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Term
| enteropancreatic circulation |
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Definition
| the circulatory route from the pancreas to the intestine and back to the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| an elargement of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency, malfunction of the gland, or overconsumption of goitrogen. Goiter casued by iodine deficiency is "simply goiter" |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that enlarges the thyroid gland and causes toxic goiter. Goitrogens occur naturally in such foods as cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, and kohlrabi. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a congential disease characterized by mental and physical retardation and commonly caused by maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the stabilized form of bone and tooth crystal, in which flouride has replaced the hydroxyl groups of hydroxyapatite |
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Term
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Definition
| discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excess flouride during tooth development |
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Term
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Definition
| mineral ions such as mercury and lead, so called b/c they are of relatively high atomic weight. Many are poisonous. |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity of the joints to move through a full range of motion; the ability to bend and recover without injury |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of muscles to work against resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly without becoming exhausted |
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Term
| cardiorespiratory endurance |
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Definition
| the ability to perform large-muscle, dynamic exercise of moderate-to-high intensity for prolonged periods |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical effect of training; improved flexibility, strength, and endurance |
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Term
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Definition
| practicing and activity regularly, which leads to conditioning. |
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Term
| progressive overload of principle |
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Definition
| the training principle that a body system, in order to improve, must be worked at frequencies, durations, or intensisties that gradually increase physical demands |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of occurrences per unit of time (number of activity sessions per week) |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of exertion while exercising |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| growing larger; with regard to muscles, an increase in size (and strength) in response to use |
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Term
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Definition
| becoming smaller; with regard to muscles, b/c of disuse, undernutrition, or wasting disease |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 to 10 minutes of light activity |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 to 10 minutes of light activity to gradually return the body's core temp to near-normal |
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Term
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Definition
| activity equivalent to the rate of exertion reached when walking at a speed of 4 mph |
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Term
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Definition
| maximum rate of oxygen consumption by an individual at sea level |
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Term
| cardiorespiratory conditioning |
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Definition
| improvements in heart and lung function and increased blood volume brought about by aerobic training |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute; determinded by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| (also called resistance training) the use of free weights or weight machines to provide resistance for developing muscle strength and endurance. |
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Term
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Definition
| (also called phosphocreatine) a high-energy compouond in muscle cells that acts as a reservoir of energy that can maintain a steady supply of ATP. CP provides the energy for short bursts of activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a regimen of moderate exercise followed by the consumption of a high-carbohydrate diet that enables muscles to store glycogen beyond their normal capacities |
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Term
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Definition
| transient condition of low hemoglobin in the blood, associated with the early stages of sports training or other strenuous activity |
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Term
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Definition
| an above-normal body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| a dangerous accumulation of body heat with accompanying loss of body fluid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of weight lost plus fluid consumed during exercise per hour |
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Term
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Definition
| a decreased concentration of sodium int he blood |
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Term
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Definition
| compounds that supply glucose, not as single molecules, but linked in chains somewhat like starch. Objective is to attract less water from bod into digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mineral present in body as part of some proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a cation within the body's cells, active in many enzyme systems |
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Term
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Definition
| a major mineral found mostly in the body's bones and teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease in which bones become porous and fragile due to loss of minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein in the intestinal cells, made with the help of vitamin D, that facilitates calcium absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| the highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during first three decades of life |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone that regulates blood calcium by raising it when levels fall to low |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high |
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Term
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Definition
| hardness or stiffness of the muscles casued by high blood calcium levels |
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Term
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Definition
| intermittent spasm of the extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability caused by low blood calcium concentrations |
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Term
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Definition
| the most abundant mineral in the body; found primarily int he body's bones and teeth |
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Term
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Definition
| crystals made of calcium and phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone |
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Term
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Definition
| the principal cation within the body's cells; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| the major anion in the extracellular fluid of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| principal cation in the extracellular fluids; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to high salt intake with an increase in blood pressure or to a low salt intake with a decrease in blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes the body cannot absorb. EX: phytates and oxalates |
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Term
|
Definition
| essential mineral nutrients found in the human body in amounts larger than 5g; called MACROminerals |
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Term
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Definition
| H2CO3 -important in maintaining the body's acid-base balance |
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Term
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Definition
| the substances that are dissolved in a solution |
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Term
|
Definition
| the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where solutes are more concentrated |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| compound composed of positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH |
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Term
|
Definition
| atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have electrical charges. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| salts that dissovle in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions |
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Term
|
Definition
| solutions that can conduct eletricity |
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Term
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Definition
| The concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme from the kidneys that activates angiotensin |
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Term
|
Definition
| a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation; activated by renin (an enzyme from kidneys) |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that constricts or narrows the blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. |
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Term
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Definition
| glands adjacent to, and just above, each kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| the balance b/t water intake and losses |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid within the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate. Accounts for 2/3's of body's water |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid between cells, usually high in sodium and chloride. |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid outside cells. 2 main components: interstitial fluid and plasma. Accounts for 1/3 of body's water |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition in which body water output exceeds water input. Symptoms: thrist, dry skin and muscous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and weakness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| rare condition in which body water contents are too high in all body fluid compartments |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease characterized by excessive bleeding |
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Term
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Definition
| a hereditary disease in which the blood is unable to clot b/c it lacks the ability to synthesize certain clotting factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| free of microorganisms, such as bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| the active vitamin E compound |
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Term
|
Definition
| breaking open of red blood cells; a symptom of vitamin E deficiency disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a hereditary disease in which the muscles gradually weaken (most debilitating in lungs) |
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Term
| fibrocystic breast disease |
|
Definition
| harmless condition in which the breasts develop lumps |
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Term
| intermittent claudication |
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Definition
| severe calf pain caused by inadequate blood supply |
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Term
|
Definition
| a general term for several chemically related compounds, one of which has vitamin E activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| vitamin D deficiency disease in children characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone (bowed legs or knock-knees) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bone disease characerized by softening of bones. Symptoms: bending of spine and bowing of legs (most often in adult women) |
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Term
|
Definition
| green pigment of plants, which absorbs light and transfers the enery to other molecules, initiating photosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| pigments found in plants; responsible for color changes seen in autumn leaves |
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Term
|
Definition
| dietary vitamin A in its active form |
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Term
|
Definition
| causing abnormal fetal development and birth defects |
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Term
|
Definition
| chronic inflammation of skin's follicles and oil-producing glands |
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|
Term
| retinol activity equivalents (RAE) |
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Definition
| measure of vitamin A activity; the amount of retinol that the body will derive from a food containing preformed retinol or beta-carotene |
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Term
|
Definition
| slow recovery of vision after flashes of bright light at night or an inability to see in dim light (vitamin A deficiency) |
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Term
|
Definition
| progressive blindness caused by severe vitamin A deficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal drying of the skin and mucous membranes (vitamin A def) |
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Term
|
Definition
| softening of the cornea that leads to irreversible blindness (vitamin A def) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a water-insoluble protein in hair and nails |
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Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of keratin in a tissue (vitamin A def) |
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Term
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Definition
| transparent membrane covering the outside of eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| layer of light-sensitive nerve cells lining the back of the inside of the eye; consists of rods and cones |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule capable of absorbing certain wavelengths of light so that it reflects only those that we perceive as a certain color |
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Term
|
Definition
| light-sensitive pigment of the retina; contains the retinal form of vitamin A and the protein opsin |
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Term
|
Definition
| the protein portion of the visual pigment molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which immature cells develop specific functions different from those of the original that are characteristic of their mature cell type |
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Term
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Definition
| cells on the surface of the skin and mucous membranes |
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Term
| retinol-binding protein (RBP) |
|
Definition
| specific protein responsible for transporting retinol |
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Term
|
Definition
| all naturally occurring compounds with the biological activity of retinol, the alcohol form of vitamin A |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the carotenoids; an orange pigment and vitamin A precursor found in plants |
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Term
|
Definition
| pigments found in plants and animals, some of which have vitamin A activity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemically related compounds with biological activity similar to retinol; metabolites of retinol |
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Term
|
Definition
| a test result indicating that a condition is present when in fact it is not |
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Term
|
Definition
| test result indicating that a condition is NOT present when in fact it is present |
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Term
|
Definition
| a substance produced by cells of the immune system as part of local immune reaction to an antigen; causes inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
| the original name for vitamin C |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the two active forms of vitamin C |
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Term
|
Definition
| substance in foods that significantly decreases the adverse effects of free radicals on normal physiological functions in the human body |
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Term
|
Definition
| unstable molecules with one or more unpaired electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damage |
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Term
|
Definition
| a nonessential nutrient that can be made in the body form glucose; a part of cell membrane structures |
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Term
|
Definition
| a nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the body from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| a glycoprotein secreted by the stomach cells that binds with vitamin B12 in the small intestine to aid in the absorption of B12 |
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Term
|
Definition
| chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by a diminished size and functioning of the mucous membrane glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| a blood disorder that reflects a B12 deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor and characterized by abnormally large and immature red blood cells; symptoms: muscle weakness & irreversible neurological damage |
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Term
|
Definition
| "too little blood" too few red blood cells are present or too immature |
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Term
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Definition
| B Vitamin; also known as folic acid, folacin; pregnant women |
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|
Term
| dietary folate equivalents (DFE) |
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Definition
| amount of folate available to the body from naturally occurring sources, fortified foods, and supplements |
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Term
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Definition
| malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or both during embryonic development that often result in lifelong disability/death |
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Term
|
Definition
| the embryonic tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| competing factor that counteracts the action of another factor. Ex: drugs render vitamins ineffective |
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Term
|
Definition
| pinched nerve at the wrist, causing pain or numbness int eh hand. |
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Term
|
Definition
| B Vitamin, "CoA" -coenzyme A |
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Term
|
Definition
| B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| temporary burning, tingling, and itching sensation that occurs when a person takes a large does of nicotinic acid; headache, reddened face arms, and chest |
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Term
|
Definition
| the niacin-deficiency disease, rough skin |
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Term
|
Definition
| B Vitamin, energy metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| thiamin-deficiency disease - "I can't, I can't" -weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used |
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Term
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Definition
| substnaces that precede others; with regard to vitamins, provitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug used in the treatment of obesity that inhibits the absorption of fat in the GI tract, thus limiting kcaloric intake |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug used in the treatment of obesity that slows the reabsorption of serotonin in the brain, thus suppressing appetite and creating a feeling of fullness |
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Term
| clinically severe obesity |
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Definition
| a BMI of 40 or greater or a BMI for 35 with additional medical problems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a neurotransmitter important in sleep regulation, appetite control, and sensory perception; synthesized from amino acid tryptophan with the help of B6 |
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Term
|
Definition
| masses of specialized fat cells packed with pigmented mitochondria that produce heat instead of ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| all the genetic information of a population at a given time |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein produced by the stomach cells that enhances appetite and decreases energy expenditure |
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Term
|
Definition
| a protein produced by fat cells under direction of the "ob" gene that decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure sometiems called the "Ob protein" -leptos = "thin" |
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Term
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Definition
| appearance of a disease (usually infectious) or condition that attacks many people at the same time in the same region |
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which controls are set; the theory that relates to body weight, the weight the body tends to maintain by its won internal controls |
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Term
|
Definition
| maintaining body weight in a healthy range by preventing gradual weight gain over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the condition in which a normal amount of insulin produces a subnormal effect in muscle, adipose, and liver cells, resulting in an elevated fasting glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
| an immunological response o cellular injury characterized by an increase in white blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| an anthropometric measurement used to assess a person's abdominal fat |
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Term
|
Definition
| fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs, as opposed to fat stored directly under the skin (subcutaneous fat) |
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Term
|
Definition
| excess fat around the trunk of body, also called abdominal fat or upper-body fat |
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Term
|
Definition
| index of a person's weight in relation to height; determined by dividing the weight (in kg) by the square of the height (in meters) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight |
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|
Term
| thermic effect of food (TEF) |
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Definition
| an estimation of the energy required to process food |
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Term
|
Definition
| adjustments in energy expenditure related to changes in environment such as extreme cold and to physiological events such as overfeeding, trauma, and changes in hormone status |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical, and emotional rest |
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|
Term
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
|
Definition
| rate of energy use for metabolism under specified conditions: after 12 hour fast and restful sleep, w/o any physical activity or emotional excitement. |
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|
Term
| resting metabolic rate (RMR) |
|
Definition
| less stringent criteria than BMR( in regards to food/activity) -slightly higher than BMR |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a chemical produced in the brain that stimulates appetite, diminishes energy expenditure, and increases fat storage |
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Term
|
Definition
| the generation of heat; used in physiology and nutrition studies as an index of how much energy the body is expending |
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Term
|
Definition
| having the power to suppress hunger and inhibit eating |
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Term
|
Definition
| a brain center that controls activities such as maintenance of water balance, regulation of body temp, and control of appetite |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an instrument that measures the heat energy released when foods are burned, thus providing an estimate of the potential energy of the foods |
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Term
|
Definition
| a carbohydrate intermediate of the TCA cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| the principal nitrogen-excretion product of protein metabolism. Two ammonia fragments are combined with CO2 to form this |
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Term
|
Definition
| organic acid that contains a carbonyl group |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical formula NH3; produced during the deamination of amino acids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid, producing a new nonessential amino acid and a new keto acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| the metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl CoA; also alled beta oxidation |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3-carbon compound produced from pyruvate during anaerobic metabolism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| path from muscle glycogen to glucose to pyruvate to lactate (to liver) to glucose to glycogen |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP; made of membranes (lipid and protein) with enzymes mounted on them |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Does NOT require oxygen (anaerobic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3-carbon compound that plays a key role in energy metabolism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| 2-carbon compound to which a molecule of CoA is attached |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| coenzyme derived from the B vitamin pantothenic acid and central to energy metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones -release energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| common high-energy compound composed of a purine(adenine), sugar, and 3 phosphate groups |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound |
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Term
|
Definition
| complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes' activity. many have B vitamins as part of structures |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which green plants use the sun's energy to make carbs from CO2 and water |
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Term
|
Definition
| compounds that cells can use for energy. Major fuels include: glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. |
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