1. Gain Experience
2. Think Positively
3. See Public Speaking as Conversation
4. Stress Similarity
5. Prepare and Practice Thoroughly
6. Move about and breath deeply
7. Avoid Chemicals as tension relievers

•   General purpose is to inform or to persuade
• Your Specific purpose identifies the information you want to communicate

• Limit your thesis statement to one general idea.
• The Thesis is the main idea that you want to convey to the audience.

1. Testimony
2. Definitions
3. Statistics
4. Presentation aids

and

1. Logical Support
2. Motivational Support
3. Credibility appeals

• Time pattern
• Spatial pattern
• Topical Pattern
• Problem-Solution Pattern
• Cause-Effect/Effect-Cause Pattern
• The Motivated Sequence

1. Attention
2. Need
3. Satisfaction
4. Visualization
5. Action

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1. Explain complex concepts clearly
2. Organize a variety of messages for clarity and persuasiveness
3. Develop logical, emotional, and ethical appeals to support an argument
4. Communicate credibility
5. Improve listening and delivery skills

• Clarity
• Vividness
• Appropriateness
• Personal Style
• Power
• Sentence Construction

• Alliteration
• Hyperbole
• Metaphor
• Personification
• Simile
• Rhetorical Question

• Favor short over long sentences
• Favor direct over indirect sentences
• Favor active over passive sentences
• Favor positive over negative sentences
• Vary the type and length of sentences

• Open by gaining attention and orienting your audience
• Close by summarizing and closing with a quote

• Ask a question
• Refer to specific audience members
• Refer to recent happenings
• Use illustrations or dramatic or humorous stories
• Use visual aids

• Don't start your speech immediately
• Don't display discomfort or displeasure
• Don't apologize
• Don't preface your introduction
• Don't introduce new material in your conclusion
• Don't race away from the speaker's stand

1. To announce the start of a main point of evidence
2. To signal that you're drawing a conclusion from previously given evidence and argument
3. To alert audience that you're introducing a qualification or exception
4. To remind listeners of what you've just said and to stress that it's connected with another issue you want to consider
5. To signal the part of your speech that you're approaching

1. Manuscript
2. Extemporaneous
3. Impromptu

• Rehearse the speech from beginning to end, rather in parts.
• Time the speech during each rehearsal.
• Rehearse the speech under conditions as close as possible to those under which you'll deliver it.
• Rehearse the speech in front of a full length mirror.
• Don't interrupt your rehearsal to make notes or changes
• Rehearse at least 3 or 4 times.

• Examples, Illustrations, and Narratives
• Testimony
• Statistics
• Definitions- Etymology, Authority, Negation, Direct Symbolization, Operations
• Visual Aids (Presentation Aids)- Types, Media, Tips, Computer assisted

• Description
• Definition
• Demonstration

Intrapersonal- is thinking to yourself.

Interpersonal- is talking with others.

• Self-presentation skills
• Relationship skills
• Interviewing skills
• Group interaction and leadership skills
• Presentation skills
• Media literacy skills

• The more you communicate, the better your communication with be.
• When two people are in a close relationship, neither person should have to explicitly communicate needs and wants; the other person should know what these are.
• Interpersonal or group conflict is a reliable sign that the relationship of group is in trouble.
• Like good communicators, leaders are born, not made.
• Fear of speaking in public is detrimental and must be eliminated.

• Physical noise
• Physiological noise
• Psychological noise
• Sematic noise

• Others' Images
• Comparisons with others
• Cultural Teachings
• Self-Interpretations and Self-Evaluations

mental templates or structures that help you organize the millions of items of information you come into contact with every day as well as those you already have in memory.

• If what comes first exerts the most influence, you have a primary effect.
• If what come last (or more recently) exerts the most influence, you have a recency effect.
• Primacy-recency- a person who was described as "intelligent,industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious" more positively than a person described as "envious, stubborn,critical, impulsive, and intelligent"

1. Open Self
2. Blind Self
3. Hidden Self
4. Unknown Self

• Listen to others
• Increase your open self
• Seek information about yourself
• Dialogue with yourself

• Who you are
• Your culture
• Your Gender
• You Listeners
• Your Topic and Channel
• Rewards and Dangers of Self-Disclosure

1. Stimulation
2. Organization
3. Interpretation-Evaluation
4. Memory
5. Recall

• Consider the motivation
• Consider the appropriateness
• Consider the disclosures of the other person.
• Consider the possible burdens self-disclosure might entail.

• Organization by Rules
• Organization by Schemata
• Organization by Scripts

• Learn
• Relate
• Influence
• Play

1. Receiving
2. Understanding
3. Remembering
4. Evaluating
5. Responding

Active Listening v. Inactive Listening

Active listening is a process of sending back to the speaker what you think the speaker meant.

Inactive listening is hearing what someone says but isn't listening to their words. (ex. I was distracted for a moment. Go on.")

Speaker ———> Listener

What communication model is this?

Speaker-------->Listener

Listener<-------Speaker

What communication model is this?

Speaker/Listener<----->Speaker/Listener

What communication model is this?