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Definition
| Smallest unit that displays the properties of life; composed of cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane. |
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| Surface-area-to-volume ratio |
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| Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume |
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| Contents of a cell between the nucleus (nucleoid region of bacteria) and the plasma membrane |
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| The concepts that all organisms are composed of cells,and that cells come only from preexisting cells |
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| Lack a membrane-bound nucleus |
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| Have a nucleus that houses their DNA |
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| Structure that surrounds a plant, protistan, fungal, or bacterial cell and maintains the cell's shape and rigidity. |
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| Gelatinous layersurrounding the cells of blue-green algae and certain bacteria |
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| Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope |
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| RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm |
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| Long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm |
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| In bacteria, small bristle-like fibers on bacterial cell surface that enable bacteria to adhere to surfaces |
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| In bacterium, enlongated, hollow appendageused to transfer DNA to other cells |
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| Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from cell |
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Definition
| Permit the passage of molecules through the membrane |
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Definition
| Combine with a substance and help it move across the membrane |
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Term
| Cell Recognition Proteins |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins. Enable our bodies to recognize a pathogen invasion so that an immune reaction can occur |
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Definition
| Have a shape that allows a specific molecule to bind to it |
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Definition
| Carry out metabolic reactions directly |
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| Assist cell-to-cell communication |
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| membrane-bound organelle within a eukaryotic cell that contains chromosomes and controld the structure and function of the cell |
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Definition
| small, often membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function |
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| internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments |
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| network of fibrils consisting of DNA and associated proteins observed within a nucleus that is not dividing |
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| structure consisting of DNA complexed with proteins that transmits genetic information from the previous generation of cells and organisms to the next generation |
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| dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits |
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| double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
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| opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus |
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| system of membranous saccules and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes |
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| collecgtion of membranous structures involved in transport within a cell |
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| small, membrane-bounded sac that stores substances within a cell |
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| membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in cells; has attached ribosomes |
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| membranous system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs in eukaryotic cells; lacks attached ribosomes |
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| organelle consisting of saccules and vesicles that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell |
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| in the cell, release of a substance by exocytosis from a cell that may be a gland or part of a gland |
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| membrane-bounded vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules |
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| programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell |
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| membrane-bounded sac, larger than a vesicle; usually functions in storage and can contain a variety of substances |
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| membrane-bounded organelle in algae and plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place |
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Definition
| membrane-bounded organelle in which ATP molecules are produced during the process of cellular respiration |
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Term
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| nucleotide with three phosphate groups |
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| fluid within a chloroplas that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis |
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| flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur |
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| stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast |
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| short, fingerlike projections formed by the folding of the inner membrane of mitochondrian |
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| unstructured semifluid substance that fills the space between the cells in connetive tissues or inside organelles |
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Definition
| metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrates, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules |
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Definition
| internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments |
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Definition
| small, cylindrical organelle composed of tubulin protein around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilla, and flagella |
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| central microtubule organizing center of cells |
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| Cytoskeletal filament of eukaryotic cells composed of the protein actin |
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| Cell organelle, existing in pairs, that occurs in the centrosome and may help organize a mitotic spindle for chromosome movement during animal cell division |
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| Short, hairlike projection from the plasma membrane, occuring usually in larger numbers |
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| Long, slender extension used for locomotion by some bacteria, protozoans, and sperm |
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| In plants, cytoplasmic strands that extend through pores in the cell wall and connect the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells |
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| Meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins that provides support for an animal cell and affects its behavior |
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| junction between cells in which the adjacent plasma membranes do not touch but are held together by intercellular filaments attached to buttonlike thickenings |
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| junction between cells when adjacent plasma membrane proteins join to form an impermeable barrier |
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| junction between cells formed by the joining of two adjacent plasma membranes; it lends stregnth and allows ions, sugars, and small molecules to pass between cells |
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| stored energy as a result of location or spatial arrangement |
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| energy associated with motion |
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| amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of water one degree celsius |
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| Caloric value of food; 1,000 calories |
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| type of kinetic energy; captured solar energy eventually dissipates as this in the environment |
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| Measure of disorder or randomness |
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| two laws explaining energy, and its relationships and exchanges. The first, also called the "law of conservation," says that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one from to another; the second says that energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy |
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Definition
| reaction that occurs simultaneously; one is an exergonic reaction that releases energy, and the other is an endergonic reaction that requires an input of energy in order to occur |
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| series of linked reactions, beginning with a particular reactant and and terminating with an end product |
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| organic catalyst, usually a protein that speeds a reaction in cells due to its particular shape |
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| reactant in a reaction conrolled by an enzyme |
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Definition
| energy that must be added in order for molecules to react with one another |
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| region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and werhe the reaction occurs |
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| change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrates |
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Definition
| means by which cells regulate enzyme activity; may be competitive or noncompetitive inhibition |
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| mechanism for regulating metabolic pathways in which the concentration of the product is kept within a certain range until binding shuts down the pathway and no more product is produced |
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Definition
| movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and tends to lead to an equal distribution |
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| Fluid (the solvent) that contains a dissolved liquid (the solute) |
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| substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution |
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| liquid portion of a solution that serves to dissolve a solute |
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Definition
| passive transfer of a substance into or out of a cell along a concentration gradient by a process that requires a carrier |
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Definition
| diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane |
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Definition
| solution that is equal in solute concentration to that of the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to neither lose nor gain water by osmosis |
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Definition
| lower solute (more water) concentration than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to gain water by osmosis |
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| higher solute concentration (less water) than the cytoplasm of a cell; causes cell to lose water by osmosis |
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Definition
| contraction of the cell contents due to the loss of water |
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Definition
| use of a plasma membrane carrier protein to move a molecule or ion from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration; it opposes equilibrium and requires energy |
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Definition
| carrier protein in the plasma membrane thst moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into animal cells; important in nerve and muscle cells |
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Definition
| process in which an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane so that the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell |
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Definition
| process by which substances ar emoved into the cell from the environment by phagocytosis (cellular eating) or pinocytosis (cellular drinking); includes receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| process by which amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole |
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| process by which vesicle formation brings macromolecules into the cell |
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