Term
| China's growing population problem |
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Definition
| Continued population growth could exhaust resources and threaten the stability and economic progress of Chinese society. |
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Term
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Definition
Education/Outreach encouraging people to have fewer children
Increased accesibility to contraceptives/abortion
System of rewards/punishments |
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Term
| Success of One-Child Policy |
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Definition
Growth rate down to 0.6%
(Easier to deal with the many social, economic, and environmental challenges) |
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Term
| Unintended Consequences of One-Child Policy |
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Definition
Widespread killing of female infants
Unbalanced sex ratio
Black market trade in teenage girls |
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Term
| Population growth increasing worldwide, mainly in... |
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Definition
poverty-stricken developing nations that are ill-equipped to handle it.
(India) |
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Term
| Causes of ongoing population growth |
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Definition
technological innovations
improved sanitation
better medical care
increased agricultural output
decline in death rates |
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Term
| Economist view of population growth |
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Definition
| resource depletion due to population increase is not a problem if new rescources can be found to replace depleted ones. |
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Term
| Environmental Scientist view of popluation growth |
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Definition
Few resources are actually created by people and that not all resources can be replaced once they are depleted.
(Extinct species) |
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Term
| Is population growth really a problem? |
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Definition
YES if it:
depletes resources
stresses social systems
degrades the natural environment, such that our quality of life declines. |
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Term
| Despite viewing global population growth as a problem, some governments still hold to the idea that... |
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Definition
Population growth increases a nation's economic, political, or military strength.
(offer financial/social incentives to encourage increased population). |
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Term
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Definition
formula which helps calculate factors which affect the environment:
Total impact on the environment (I) results from interaction among population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T)
I = P x A x T |
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Term
| Effect of Increased Population (P) |
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Definition
| intensifies impact on the environment as more individuals take up space, use natural resources, and generate waste. |
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Term
| Effect of Increased Affluence (A) |
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Definition
| magnifies environmental impact through the greater per capita resource consumption that generally has accompanied wealth. |
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Term
| Technology (T) that increases our impact |
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Definition
| That which enhances our ability to exploit minerals, fossil fuels, old-growth forests, or ocean fisheries. |
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Term
| Technology (T) that decreases our impact |
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Definition
| That which reduces smoke stake emissions, harnesses renewable energy, or improves manufacturing efficiency. |
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Term
| Environmental factors set limits on our population growth |
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Definition
| We have raised our carrying capacity in the past (Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution), but have not yet found a way to raise it again. |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of applying the principals of population ecology to the study of statistical change in human population. |
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Term
Population size doesn't tell the whole story.
A population's environmental impact depends on its... |
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Definition
| density, distribution, and composition (as well as affluence, technology, etc.) |
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Term
| Characteristics of human population density |
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Definition
clumped
highest in regions with temperate, subtropical, and tropical climates
lowest in regions with extreme-climate biomes (desert, deep forest, tundra).
dense at locations near water |
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Term
| Effects of uneven population distribution |
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Definition
-concentration of people in cities relieves pressure on ecosystems in less populated areas.
-However, some areas with low population are already vulnerable to environmental impacts |
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Term
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Definition
data are valuable to predicting future dynamics of populations
large number of young individuals reproducing = rapid population growth |
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Term
| Challenges of a large elderly generation |
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Definition
| Will produce challenges for economy, health care systems, families, and military forces as fewer number of working age citizens try to support large number of elderly |
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Term
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Definition
slight differences can be helpful, but greatly distorted ratios can lead to problems.
China: culturally, men are more valuable to a family, leading to aborted female fetuses, abandonment, and killing of infant females. Also leaves many men single which has led to underground bride trade. |
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Term
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) |
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Definition
average number of children born per female member of a population during her lifetime.
factors that affect TFR:
quality of medical care, urbanization, education |
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Term
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Definition
the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable.
when fertility rate drops below this number (in the absence of immigration), population will shrink |
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Term
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Definition
| the time a person can expect to live |
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Term
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Definition
A model of economic and cultural change proposed by Frank Notestein to explain the declining death rates and birth rates that have occured in Western nations as they industrialized.
Population growth is viewed as a temporary phenonmenon that occurs as societies move from one condition to another. |
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Term
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Definition
1st stage in demographic transition.
Death rates high: widespread disease, rudimentary healthcare, food supplies unreliable and difficult to obtain.
Birth rates high: compensation for high infant mortality rates, children valuable as workers. Relatively stable. |
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Term
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Definition
2nd stage in demographic transition.
Declining death rates: increased food production, improved medical care.
Brith rates high: people have not yet adapted to new economic and social conditions. Population Growth surges. |
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Term
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Definition
3rd stage in demographic transition.
Birth rates decrease: children are less valuable economically as employment opportunities outside the house increase. Gap is closed between birth rates and death rates - population growth is reduced. |
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Term
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Definition
Final stage in demographic transition.
Both birth and death rates have fallen to low and stable levels.
Society enjoys the fruits of industrialization without the threat of runaway population growth. |
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Term
| Women's empowerment affects population growth rates |
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Definition
Fertility rates have dropped in countries where women have gained:
-improved access to contraceptives and family-planning programs
-better educational opportunities
-resulting children are better cared for, healthier, and better educated. |
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Term
| Different approaches to population control |
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Definition
China: one-child policy
India: two-child norm*
Thailand: education-based approach
1994 UN Conference called for education, reproductive healthcare vs. comand-and-control methods of the past.
*India imposed forced sterilization in the 1970s |
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Term
| Poverty and overpopulation can create a vicious cycle |
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Definition
| poverty encourages high fertility and high fertility obstructs economic development. |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers concluded that success in Bangladesh was achieved due to aggressive , well-funded outreach efforts that were sensitive to the values of its traditional society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Instead of creating new demand for birth control, the project appears to have helped women convert an already-existing desire for fewer children into behaviors, such as contraceptive use, that reduce fertility. |
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Term
| Significant challenges remaining to further reduce population sizes |
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Definition
| impact of family-planning programs on fertility has been a great one, but further reductions may require fundamental social, political, and economic changes that are difficult to implement in traditional, resource-strapped countries. |
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Term
| Poverty is strongly correlated with population growth |
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Definition
Poorer nations tend to have higher fertility rates, birth rates, and infant mortality rates, along with lower rates of contraception use.
countries/resources may not be able to provide for them. |
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Term
| Consumption from affluence creates environmental impact |
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Definition
Affluence built on levels of resource consumption.
Affluent societies leave considerably larger per capita ecological footprints. |
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Term
| The wealth gap and population growth contribute to conflict |
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Definition
increased tensions between the "haves" and the "have-nots."
if developing nations are unable to overcome their mounting social, economic, and environmental challenges, then they could fail to advance through the the demographic transition, causing them to fall back to the pre-industrial stage (negative impact on human welfare and for the environment). |
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