Term
| The ability for a mineral to leave powder on a porcelain plate is known as its |
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Definition
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Term
| The difference between the highest point and the lowest point on a topographical map is known as the |
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Definition
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Term
| Extrusive rocks exhibit a |
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Definition
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Term
| A mineral that exhibits a rhombic cleavage is |
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Definition
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Term
| A rock having grains cemented together is known as a |
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Definition
| classical sedimentary rock |
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Term
| An igneous rock best described as having a light color and corse texture is |
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Definition
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Term
| On a topographical map of the eastern part of the United States, the lower number of a set of coordinates in a corner of the mpa would be the |
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Definition
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Term
| What crystal system does pyrite belong to? |
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Definition
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Term
| The rock that got so hot that the light-colored minerals and dark-colored minerals respectfully separated into their own zones is |
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Definition
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Term
| On a topographical map, contour lines point |
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Definition
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Term
| What mineral is listed as a "7" on the Moh's Hardness Scale |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of these rocks has the best foliation |
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Definition
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Term
| An igneous rock's texture that includes larger crystals set in a fine-grained groundmass is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| A darker contour line on a topographical map is known as the |
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Definition
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Term
| The highest grade metamorphic rock is a |
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Definition
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Term
| The mineral's ______ is dependent upon the alignment of the atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following is non-foliated rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| A sedimentary rock containing clay-size particles is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following connot be determined with a topographical map? |
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Definition
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Term
| A sedimentary rock composed of plant material is |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is an agent of mass wasting? |
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Definition
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Term
| What feature is formed near the origin of a landslide? |
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Definition
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Term
| The largest landslide observed in North American occurred at |
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Definition
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Term
| The slowest moving type of mass wasting is |
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Definition
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Term
| Evidence that mass wasting may be ocurring is seen by a |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest contributor to causing landslides? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fastest moving type of mass wasting is |
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Definition
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Term
| A material removed from the Earth for our benefit is called a |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is an ore of iron |
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Definition
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Term
| A step in determining the value of a possible mineral resource is |
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Definition
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Term
| Diamonds are currently being mined in |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following is NOT an item to be considered for opening a mining operation? |
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Definition
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Term
| One way a mineral resource can be formed is |
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Definition
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Term
| The slope of a stream is known as it's |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An imaginary line separating the direction of water flow is a |
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Definition
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Term
| An area containing a stream and its tributaries are known as the |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common method for a stream to carry sediment is a |
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Definition
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Term
| The gradient of a stream is influenced by its |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An oxbox lake that is now filled with vegetation is a |
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Definition
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Term
| The building of a dam on a stream would create |
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Definition
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Term
| An area having alternating hard and soft rocks would develop a |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs on the outside of a meander? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| An area containing V-shaped valleys and waterfalls is a ____ landscape |
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Definition
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Term
| The next step after the development of a meander is a |
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Definition
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Term
| A body of rock containing water is known as a |
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Definition
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Term
| The water table lies at the bottom of the |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common feature that may form when a new well is drilled? |
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Definition
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Term
| When drawing the water table, the flow lines will intersect topographic contour lines in a |
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Definition
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Term
| Generally speaking, you would wnat an on-site sewage system to be located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A self-flowing water source is known as a |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The water table intersecting the surface is known as a |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ability for a rock to transmit water is called its |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following has the best porosity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| As a body of water continuously floods, what forms along its banks? |
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Definition
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Term
| The area in a stream through which the msot water runs is its |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What forms ont he inside of a meander |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Who introduced the theory of continental drift? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The western South America costline is an example of a |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The Cascade Mountain Range is an example of a |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A good piece of evidence for sea floor spreading is |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The San Andreas Fault is a plate boundary ont he west side of the ____ Coast |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A stationary column of magma coming up through the crust is a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The REd Sea today is a great example of a |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Earthquakes occur more often along a |
|
Definition
(all of the above)
transform boundary
convergent boundary
divergent boundary |
|
|
Term
| Continetal crust is composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The driving force for plate tectonics is believed to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The youngest basaltic rocks inthe ocean will be located |
|
Definition
| closest tot he mid oceanic ridge |
|
|
Term
| the supercontinent proposed by Alfred Wegener was |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The origin of the Hawaiian Island is due to |
|
Definition
Volcanic Island Arc
Hot Spot
Note: Hawaii is a volcanic island arc but isn't it due to a hot spot? |
|
|
Term
| The total amount of solid material dissolved in water is known as its |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In low latitudes, a quick decline in temperature, usually at 300-1000 meters depth, is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is the largest ocean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ocean water zone comprises 80% of ocean water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The flooded extension of a continet gently sloping toward the ocean floor is known as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The East Coast of the United States is regarded as what type of continental margin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deep, steep-sided valleys that cut into the continental shelf and are suually an extension of a mjaor drainage system off of the continent is known as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sediment consisting of mineals that crystallize directly from seawater through various chemical reactions are known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Using depth charges or air guns to mpa the ocean bottom helps to produce |
|
Definition
| Seismic reflection profile |
|
|
Term
| Which physiographic province is Messiah College located in? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During which era did Pangaea split apart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What collided with ancient North American during the early Paleozoic era? |
|
Definition
| Volcanic Island Arc or Africa |
|
|
Term
| A supercontinent that existed about 1 billion years ago |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A mountain building episode that created folding, faulitng and metamorphism is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was Pangaea located as it split apart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Gettysburg-Newark Section of the Piedmont phsiographic province originated as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tensional pressure on rocks (pulling apart) creates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fastest moving seismic wave is known as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A scale based on reasctions of residents is known as the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which wave can travel through solids and liquids in the Earth's interior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What country is credited with the largest death toll from an earthquake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 5.0 magnitude earthquake is how many times greater than a 3.0 earthquake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The deepst earthquakes occur along |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most violent earthquake int he United States in the last 100 years occurred in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To help to determine the distance of an earthquake from a particular station, first measure the time duration of the P wave arrival and the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tilt of a rock into the ground is known as its |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fold where the rock dips toward the axis is known as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A low angle reverse fault is known as a ____ fault |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A gap in geologic time etween two rock layers is known as an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fault where the hanging wall goes down is known as a ____ fault |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A crustal fragment having its own geologic history from that of adjoining bedrock is known as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fold in a rock where the limbs are parallel is known as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The San Andreas fault is an example of a ____ fault |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which era is known as "early life"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ist he state fossile of Pennsylvania? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cross-cutting body is ____ than the rock it passes through. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Looking at a normal rock sequence, the oldest layer is located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A division between older metamorphic or intrusive igneous rocks from younger sedimentary rocks is known as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals who only live a short time and become fossilzied would be a good candidate for a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Using radioactive isotopes to date rocks is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Relating one event to another event without setting any set dates is known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Age of the Dinosaurs was the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Basin and Range Province in the Western United States is a great example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two pieces of crust coming together will create ___ faulting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Originally horizontal is one law of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fossils are important as they help to determine |
|
Definition
(all of the above)
A) the environment they lived in
B) age
C) geogrphic posotion |
|
|
Term
| Which hemisphere contains the most oceans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ocean contains the deepest point in an ocean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bad omens and were blamed for a variety of disasters |
|
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Term
|
Definition
aka "guest star"
icreases its brightness as it explosively ejects gases from its surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earth-centered solar system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 13-volume treatise compiled by Ptolemy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| credited with developing a model fo the universe that accounted for the observable motions of the celstial bodies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| has the plants moving in perfect cirucular orbist around a motionless Earth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the apparent westward (backwards) drift |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Developed by Copernicus
Sun at the center and the planets orbiting it |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The apparent shift of the stars
Finger/Eye example |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the last years of his life, he acquired an able assistant, Johannes Kepler |
|
|
Term
| Kepler's Three Laws of Planetary Motion |
|
Definition
1. Elliptical Orbits
2. Law of Equal Areas
3. Orbital Periods of the Planets and their Distances to the Sun are Proportional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The earth's distance from the Sun (93 million miles) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Did NOT invent the telescope, but created one based on an unseen description of the inventor's creation |
|
|
Term
| Findings with the telscope |
|
Definition
1. Jupiter's four largest satellites/moons.
2. Planets were circular disks rather than points of light
3. Venus exhibits phases as the Moon
4. Moon's surface is not a smooth glass sphere
5. The Sun has sunspots (this viewing may have blinded him) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Formalized the 3 Laws of Motion
Conceptualizes 'gravity,' because under the idea behind inertia (1st law) the planets should be shooting off into space, not orbiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Earth-like Planets
aka "Inner Planets"
Dense, having relatively large cores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Jupiter-Like" Planets
aka Outer Planets
small metallic inner cores
thick atmospheres composed mainly of hydrogen and helium |
|
|
Term
| Solar Heating and Gravity Relationship |
|
Definition
| Airless worlds are comparatively warm and have weak gravity, whereas bodies with significant atmospheres have weak heating and strong gravity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Due to planetary impacts.
1.Meteoroid hits and a compressional wave is sent into the body
2. High speed ejecta (debris) explodes away from the site
4. 'Melt' remains in the crater (melted rock) and fractured rock formed beneath the crash site
5. Central Peak forms (center peak of the crater)
6. Uplifted Crater Rim: edge of the crater that has a higher elevation than the land
7. Ejecta blanket forms: coating of high speed ejecta on the land surrounding the crater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The innermost planet
Messenger space craft detected a magnetic field |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Red Planet
Pitted with Impact Crater
Shows evidence that water once flowed on the surface
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An inactive shield volcano on Mars that covers an area about the size of the state of Arizona |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A. Lo
B. Europa
C. Ganymede
D. Callisto |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Orbits of most asteroids lie between Mars and Jupiter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three factors control the brightness of a star as seen from Earth |
|
Definition
1. How big it is
2. How hot it is
3. How far away it is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Six levels of magnitude describe the brightness of a star
the lower numerical value, the brighter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brightness as it appears when viewed from earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "true" brightness of stars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pairs of stars orbiting one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can help determine a star's mass |
|
|
Term
| The mass of a body can be easblished if... |
|
Definition
| it is gravitationally attached to a partner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stars that fluctuate in brightness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluctuate regularly in brightness by expanding and contractign in size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orbit around the center of mass at equal distance |
|
|
Term
| One star twice as massive as its companion |
|
Definition
| the smaller star orbits around the center of mass at twice the distance of the larger star |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A catastrophic event radiating as much energy in a few months as the Sun will radiate in its entire lifetime.
During a supernova event the star's outer shell is explosively ejected |
|
|
Term
| Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (H-R Diagram) |
|
Definition
| Shows a great deal about the relationships among the sizes, colors and temperatures of stars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centrations of interstellar matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If the interstellar matter is close to very hot (blue) stars, it will glow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gaseous masses that consist largely f hydrogen. They absorb ultraviolet radiont emitted by embedded or nearby hot stars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reflect the light of nearby stars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively dense clouds of large particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a cloud of interstellar material is not close enough to a bright star to be illuminated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The collapse of a star likely exceeded2 5 solar masses.
Extremely hot. Surface gravity is so immense that even light cannot escape. Anything that moves too close to a black hole will be swept in by its irresistible gravitational field and be devoured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Three types of Normal Galaxies:
1. Spiral
2. Elliptical
3. Irregular
"Active Galaxies" differ form the norm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mily Way and Andromeda Galaxy
Typically are disk shaped with a great concentration of stars the their centers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of spiral galaxy, however, ahs the stars arranged in the shape of a bar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The most numerous group
Generally smaller than spiral galaxies
"Dwarf Galaxies" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Show no symmetry
Large and Small Magellanic Clounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the evolution of the universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Commonly seen when a vehicle with a siren approaches
The reason for the difference in ptich si that it takes time for the wave to be emitted. If the source of the wave is moving away, the beignning of the wave is emitted nearer to you than the end of the wave, "stretching" the wave and giving it a longer wavelength. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| States that galaxies are receding from us at speeds that are proportional to their distances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amountof heat required to raise the temperature of 1 grame of water by 1degree C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hidden heat -- i.e. the heat used to melt ice does nto produce a temperature change, it just causes the reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of converting a liquid to a gas (vapor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when water vapor changes to the liquid state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of a solid directly to a gas without passing throughthe liquid state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the reverse process, the conversion of a vapor directly to a solid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The general term of the amount of water vapor in the air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the maximum possible quantity of water vapor that the air can hold at any given temperature and pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The only substance in the atmosphere that can be a solid, liquid, and gas (vapor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the total atmospheric pressure that can be attributed to the water-vapor content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ratio of the air's actual water vapor content compared with the amount of water vapor required for saturation at the temperature and pressure |
|
|
Term
| Adding Water Vapor to a Parcel of Air |
|
Definition
| Relative Humidity increase until saturation occurs |
|
|
Term
| When water-vapor conetn remains constant |
|
Definition
| a decrease in temperature results in an increase in relative humidity |
|
|
Term
| Temperature and Humidity Relationship |
|
Definition
Low Temps = High Humidity
High Temps = Low Humidity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temperature that the air needs to be cooled to reach saturation
|
|
|
Term
| Dew Point and Air Relationship |
|
Definition
High Dew Point Temps = moist air
Low Dep Point Temps = dry air |
|
|
Term
| Cooling below saturation forms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hygrometer and Common Tool |
|
Definition
Tool used to measure Relative Humidity
Common hygrometer: Sling Psychrometer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Orographic Lifting
2. Frontal Wedging
3. Convergence
4. Localized Convective Lifting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs when elevated terrains, such as mountains, act as barriers to the flow of air
Ex. Rainshadow Desert/Great Basin Desert |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Masses of warm air and cold air collide, producing a front. The cooler, denser air acts as a barrier over which the warmer, less dense air rises. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whenever air in the lower atmosphere flows together from opposite directions, lifting results. |
|
|
Term
| Localized Convenction Lifting |
|
Definition
1. Unequal heating of the Earth's surface causes pockets of air to be warmed more than the surrounding air.
2. These buoyant parcels of hot air rise, producing thermals
3. If they reach the condensation level, clouds form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High Clouds
Middle Clouds
Low Clouds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Above 20,000ft
1. Cirrus: thin, delicate and wispy
2. Cirrostratus: flat layers
3. Cirrocumulus: fluffy masses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6,500 - 20,000ft
1. Altocumulus: composed of globular masses
2. Altostratus: create a uniform white to grayish sheet covering the sky with the Sun or Moon visible at a bright spot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Stratus: uniform foglike layer of clouds that frequently cover much of the sky
2. Stratocumulus: Scalloped bottom that appears as long parallel orlls or broken globular patches
3. Nimbostratus: one of the chief precipatation producers. Dark thunder clouds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when warm, moist air moves over a cool surface, the result may be a blanket of fog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fog forms when the surface of the earth cools quickly.
Air is cooled below the dew point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created when relatively huid air moves up a gradually sloping plain or up the steep slopes of a mountain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fairly common over lakes and rivers in the fall and early winter, when the water may still be relatively warm and the air is rather crisp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mist
Drizzle
Rain
Sleet
Glaze
Rime
Snow
Hail
Graupel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Droplets large enough to be felt on the face when air is moving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fine, uniform drops of water having a diameter less that .5 millieter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term is restricted to drops of water that fall from a cloud and that have a diamter of at least .5millimeter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A layer of air with termperature above freezing must overlie a subfreezing layer near the ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Raindrops become supercooleda s they fall through the cold air and turn to ice upon collision with solid objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deposit of ice crystals formed by the freezing of supercooled fog or cloud droplets on objects whose surface temperature is below freezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| precipitation in the form of ice crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Precipitation in the form of hard, rounded pellets or irregular lumps of ice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Standard Rain Gauge
1. Diamter of about 8inches (20cm) at the top.
2. Water is caught, a funnel conducts the rain to a cylindrical measuring tube
3. Measuring tube has a cross-sectional area where dept is magnified 10 times, allowing measurements to the nearest .025cm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gave meteorologists an important tool to probe storm systems that amy be up to a few hundred kilometers away. |
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|
