How the overstory like trees and shade affects what happens below the trees

More dense trees is shadier so there is less grass because the grass doesn't get enough sunlight to grow fully

trees leaves that get dropped contain nutrients and they create a microclmate affecting the grass

Trees in an area also take up water from a system that understory grasses may need

Abiotic Factors affect the landscape the most and

Example = arid areas where the heat and sunlight affect the area the most

rainfall dynamics, seasonality, lack of predictability,

evaporation rate

seasonal changes in soil, water, and nitrogen

plant accumulation of nitrogen broken up into the fall and spring time periods

Deliberately balancing understory and overstory production

Annual Grasses and Oaks

Fire intensity and frequency can change the structure of these areas

CA woodlands are in terrestial ecoregion

basically in areas around the Mediterranean sea

Very Mild Temperatures

2 Seasons = summer and winter, summer is longer than the winter and the winter is mild

warm to hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters

They combine farming and forests

tree shrubs with crops and livestock

it has the goal of restoring depleted natural resources

the growth of trees on land helps to prevent soil erosion

raises soil fertility levels, protects certain regions from deofrestation and provides a measure of protection from worldside climate change

reduces proverty levels and increases access to medicinal trees

combining agriculture with silvo= trees, past, livestock

form of agriculture consisting of trees and pasture

2 Characteristics of Traditional Land Use are:

low nutrient inputs and relative low oputpus per hectare

so traditional land use is condiered to be low-intensity land use

traditional land use is intended to fulfill a variety of needs instead of maximizing profit

numerous uses theat are temporally and spatially differentiated

external inputs of chemicals are low

nutrient emissions and water losses are minimized

production wastes are recycled locally as fertilizers

produces long periods of relatice stability

enhances structural diversity of system

agriculture can produce various non-commidity outputs in addition to food

example = cork

set of methods and tools developed to produce food sustainably by controlling scological diversity at plot, field, and landscape levels

animals grazed in ways that replenish natural ecosystem

patches of streams, lakes in surrounding areas control floods and improve water quality

can also refer to producing a variety of crops, animals, or both instead of focusing on a single commidity

traditional land use in Europe has fostered habitats for species in contrast to what it has done in other parts of the world

long period of traditional land use since end of glacation period has facilitated the co -evolution of species, ecosystems, and humans

when water rainfall is low all precipitation gets lost by evapotranspiration

 -> more water needed for understory

 more rainfall creates more dense woodlands

under 600 mm of rainfall= creates competition among species for water bt grass outside tree and canopy tree grass

if grazing pressures from people are removed, dehesas are invaded by mediterranean mattoral species

if humans not involved, dehesas can revert back to shrubs

Rabbit= allogenic : dig burrows that are occupied by other species

Elephants= allogeinc= physical disturbance of trees and shrubs causes widespread vegeration changes, alteration of food supply, and population dynamics

coral= autogenic = overgrow and cement together detritus on outer layer of algal reef

break force of water and protect coral against major wave action effect via their own bodies

Dehesa in Spanin and montado in Portugal

multifunctional engineered woodlands and the trees are planted, manged, regularly pruned, and had their landscape shaped by rural history

primarily used for grazing and to produce cork, wood, jamon, goat, cattle products, sheep products, charcoal, botanicals, cereal crops, cheese

anthropogenic system, not only variety of foods, but also wildlife habitat for endangered speices like iberian lunx working landscape -> has precipitation gradient and tree density gradient

change environment by tranforming living or nonliving material from one state to another

beavers alter their ecosystem by clearcutting and damming

caterpillars that create shelters from leaves also create shelters for other organisms

Beaver, Elephants change things by trampling crops/vegerataion

organisms that modify the environment by modifying themselves

as trees grow, their branches and trunk create habitat for other organisms

lianas connect trees together in the tropics

humans, coral reefs

canopy density = mass volume of canopy measured with aerial photos over time

Ecosystem Mimicry

mimicking nature instead of ingnoring it for processes like food production

allows people to creat perrenial agriculture

involves understanding properties, principles, patterns, and processes

under seasonally water-limited resources, vegetation systems will develop a canopy density that produces minimum water stress and maximum biomass

when water more abundant, trees spaced more closely together otherwise spaced more further apart

Principle of multiple uses optimize resource use and minimize risks through polyculture and other forms of multipie uses

interaction between public, private, and common land use

use of common lands for biodiversity

using qeustion/ statistical surveys to figure out how people think or act

Huntsinger et al sent out seruveys to Ca and Spanish renchaers to dfind out their motications for their actions and opinions

good and services that an ecosystem like the Dehesa can provide

elean air, water, wildlife habitat, bird watching

the def prefer incentives because they feel like they're already doing a good job at managing their own land

but do believe that govt has responsbility to regulate

voluntary program providing financial assistance to agricultural producers for contracts that last up to 10 years

contracts offer plans to implement conservation practices that address natural resource concerns for opportunities to improve soil, water, air

also helps producers meet state, tribal regulations and laws

some spanish believe pruninc can allow more sunlight to reach acorns , they can also profit from cork harvest

some modify ecosystems to makr pofit

Similarities in Spain and California

Spain= absentee ownership more common

CA = family home with owner-manager,  few professional managers,

Both produce cattle

Spain supports Govt Regulation more 75 % vs 60%

CA support more govt state consultation 16% vs 6 %

BOTH prefer incentives and compensentation

SPAIn = market for reginal and diverse products + no woodland stability, development pressure

CA= no market diverser products, yes stablity of woodlands, development pressure - yes

Go read Sagar's email response that's in bold in the document

done? then why do landowners want to keep their land?

abandonment can make them go back to shrubs because you need to have pruning, clearing, maintenence,

overxploitation can make them go back to the shrub stage

you must have an intermediate amount of disturbance

inter distu hypo

when you own land, you own all sorts of things, each stick represents a different land use

Problems with Endangered Species Act

it established penalties for traficking, wounding, harming, or killing an endangered species

penalties for killing, haming endangered species

incentives need to be provided for landowners otherwise most wouldn't care

ranhers as ecosystem engineers- manage grazing

developers must pay for mitigation for habitat loss

act attacks property rights

leads to more black market transactions

abusedby environmental groups to drive off landonwers form their land and push their own agenda

example of a regulatory act

stricter punishment for violation of permits

stressed identification and regulation of toxic substances in sweage water

-voluntarily donated or sold areas of land on which there will be restrictions of development enforced by a legal binding agreement to protect that part of the land

Niche marketing= things that people want and there is a small market for it, so you could charge higher prices for it like acorn-fed jamon

Direct Marketing= communicating straight to the customer can sometimes include niche marketing- ex= putting adversitsments for a certain farm directly on a wrapper of meat

governing body sets carbon cap and creates carbon credits that total the cap

then credits are distributed and countries with less can buy more and vice versa

succesful cap and trade is one where cap get s lowered each time

inheritance tax is a tax on the amoutn of money that a heir received from a family member- have to get paid out by the heir and they are levied by the state

aquisiton is just acquiriing new land

It's Serrano Ham, or ham from the sierra, or mountaints

mades from a local white pig

Jamon Iberico

de bellota

de recebo

de cebo

It's ham from Black Iberian Pigs or cross bred pigs that are at least 75% iberico - represnt 8% of dried ham production in Spain

Jamon Iberico de Cebo- or simply Jamon Iberico - fed only grain and cured for 24 months

Jamon iberido de bellota = these pigs only eat acorns for the last period of time, cured for 36 months

Jamon iberico de recebo - pastured and fed a combination of acorns and grain  (R e C ebo g R ain And C orn)

More Types of Ham

Bodega Ham

Reserva Ham

Gran Reserva Ham

Bodega= 10 - 12 months

Reserva- 12 - 15 months

Gran Reserva= > 15 months

Grassfed Beef, Natural Beef, Organic Beef

Consumer-driven emerging markets

people wat to know the story about how animals are grazed and managed and how their meat is prepared

people might avoid bad firms that have bad business practices

eating organic beef might be healtier, but it's more expensive as well

Consumers discriminate on labeling and the specificity of their products.

Consumer-driven emerging markets include:labeling certification, grass-fed beef, organic and natural beef, humane animal treatment, conservation easements and ecosystem services

labeling leads to a consumer-driven market, where consumers have the opportunities to discrimite what products they want to buy

Market-based solutions include: consumer demand for information,

independent montoring through certification, corporate responsibility to use green products, certified products add value and increase price (ex. Forest stewardship council that certifies cork forests)

globalization= consumers can reach across global supply chain, market failures can be mitigated, growing brand recongition, increased consumer awareness, activist campaigns invoking consumers have worked

sometimes consumers are ignorant or may be uninformed when making decisions -> avoid bad firms but don't seek out good ones

people should buy wine with cork in it-

cork forests are fire resistant,

harvested every 7-10 years and can live for up to 500 years,

harvesting cork doens't harm trees, Spain and Portugal produce 75% of world's cork supply,

cork is most valuable dehesa product

taint is dominant cork discourse/argument, screw caps and plastic is cheaper than cork, the media may think that some type of cork ruins fine wine and if you really need cork for fine wine

cork stoppers has highest value for cork products, consumer activism and campaigns have changed cork and forest industry

offering incentives to farmers in exchange for managing their lands to provide some sort of ecological service

ex= pay upstream poor for clean water, Indonesia= small taxes to have clean water, Mexican PES pays participants to maintain forest cover, improve water quality, carbon sequestration, biodiversity, conservation

can offer people in poverty the chance to make profits

consumer choice is based on incomplete information

cork taint- musty flavor is blamed on cork, and consumers may not know what type of stopper they're buying

industry-fostered discourse is about taint

agressive marketing may also include spreading the idea that cork harvesting is harmful or cork is a rare item

cork mark is used to provide information about cork

Consumers play a big rolein the market

a consumer-driven marketing transformation includes consumer demand for information and independent monitoring through certification

globalization has led to increased demand for resources and new places of production

Just treat cork as a valuable material and apply the PES system to cork. Possible methods:

PES can be used to manage cork trees for cork production

ecosystem engineers can 'manufacture' an ecosystem that is good for cork production

certification of products adds value to them

ex= forest stewardship council certifies cork products

WWF, rainforest alliance, Royal protection for species of birds have programs for cork

can lead to consumer-driven emerging markets

it's typically led by environmental groups and activist campaigns

can be used as a strategy for conservation of working landscapes

Working Landscapes

markets, labeling, certification, incentives, regulations,

land-use controls, choices are important

the cork mark is used to provide information about cork

a ruminant is a mammal that digests plant-based food

partially regurgitates chewed food to help with digesition process. They also have multiple stomach compartments to help them obtain nutrients grasses and other cellulose-rich foods which other animals can find indigestible

ruminating mammals include goats, cattle, sheeps, giraffes,

have continuously growing teeth because during grazing, the silica in forage causes abrasion of teeth

Socio-Ecological Systems

Ostrum outlines several factors that can lead to self-organiation that lead to a sustainable SES

emphasizes the humans-in-the-environment perspective; that earth´s ecosystems

system of biophysical and social factors that regularly interact

(S); Resource system (RS); governance system (GS); Resource unit (RU); User (U); interaction (I); Outcome (O); Related ecosystem (RE).

·         dehesa is an example of SES

·         dehesa is a multifunctional anthropogenic landscape and is a working landscape

·         in a dehesa, a medium-intensity use is required for biodiversity to be maximized; in the American Style, increased intensity of use leads to decreased biodiversity

·         markets, policies, social trends, climate, weather all influence dehesa as an SES

·         a lot of acorn and cork production and grazing occurs at a dehesa

·         gov. has a responsibility to protect natural resources

·         land ownership varies in approaches in a dehesa

SESs are composed of multiple subsystems and internal

Self organization can maintain resources

size fits all

importance of resource to user because ppl won't care if resource isn't imp to them

leadership is another factor because well-respected people can help lead to better organization

Resource Unit Mobility- there are costs of observing and managing a system, and self-organization is less likely with mobile resource units, wuch as wildlife or water in unregulated river as opposed to stationary units like trees

expected benefits must exceed perceived costs of investing time and money to help save a certain resource

Self-organizing to sustain a resource costs time, and effort can result in a loss of short-term economic gains