Term
| What do people think a forest is? |
|
Definition
| animal habitats, places where you can obtain food, Japan has a suicide forest, places where you can harvest timber |
|
|
Term
| What might people say the appropriate relationship with a forest it? |
|
Definition
humans should protect the forest for recreation, protect animal habitat, and protect timber resources
some religions have links to trees, some ppl's livelihoods are connected to trees |
|
|
Term
| Examples of some of the major issues in managing and conserving forests |
|
Definition
use of fire
Yosemite actually uses it and natives used it
who should be responsbile for managing forest?
private, govt, militart |
|
|
Term
| Coupled Human- natural systems |
|
Definition
framework where there are links to humans and natural systems on the planet
how social and natural systems are inseparable
ex=ppl want recreation so want nice forests |
|
|
Term
| Reciprocal Feedback loops |
|
Definition
| path by which some of the output of a system gets brought back into the input and loop affects the environment that in turn affects the loop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
time during which action is awaited.
Relates to cause/effect of certain policies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An ecosystem's ability to withstand a disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
variety of qualities found in an environment or population
different types of plants and animals |
|
|
Term
| surprises + legacy effects |
|
Definition
unexpected events that can occur in forest growth
lasting effects from a forest's past, such as logging and burning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| implicit or explicit rule governing what is accepted within a group or society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relative worth of importance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what people believe without appropriate knowledge |
|
|
Term
| Dersu Uzala and human-forest relationships |
|
Definition
| advance of civilization can destroy relationship Dersu lived in peace with forest until the surveyors came + disturbed forest w/guns |
|
|
Term
Nanai People
land
culture
|
|
Definition
people of the Russian far east. Lived in the middle of the Amur, Sunggari, and Ussuri rivers in Middle Amur Basin.
caught siberian salmon. also did hunting, had animism. Fire was called Fadyza mama. Shamanists with great reverence for tiger (Amba). Wosrhippers of sun, moon, mountains, water, and trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turning something into a commodity, make commercial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rights of a person to use and profit from another person's property as long as he/she isn't damaging it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self sufficient farming where farmers focus on growing enough food for themselves and theirfamilies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exchanging things with others for mutual benefit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control by one power over a dependent area or people |
|
|
Term
| Indigenous/commercial view of forests |
|
Definition
indigenous= conserve forest for value and beauty
commercial=use forest to make products like paper, timber to make money |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lost their hunting spots due to logging+ water of Amur river containg chemicals and copper |
|
|
Term
Yurok Forest
alogn Pacific coast and Klamath river
|
|
Definition
increasing unsuitability of forests pushed yuroks to sell
general allotment act applied property rights to reservations. natives to become civilized through learning to farm
dawes act- natives given allotment of farming and livestock |
|
|
Term
| Spatial and Tomporal characteristics of Yurok land |
|
Definition
| yurok managed the watershed for diversity, and used fires to make sure douglas firs would not grow too tall too quickly |
|
|
Term
| States and Transition Model to explain differnce b/t Yurok and American management |
|
Definition
shows that using herbicides/intensive timber management
can cause process to go from prarie to immature douglass fir
fires can cause shrubs/grass to go back to prairie, and fire can prevent immature douglas from becoming mature
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase spatial extent of grassland, oak woodland, shrubland plant communities that was useful plant material and attracted game
burned douglas fir b/c preferred oak reproduction and growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who don't do what is in the best interest of agroup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shared resources where each stakeholder has an equal interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something big that comes in and changes things + controls things |
|
|
Term
| Why policies based on metaphors can be harmful |
|
Definition
| Metaphors are simply comparisons between two otherwise unlike things. They disregard certain institutional arrangements and the fact that people can talk to each other and make agreements, so they aren't trapped ina certain situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
laborers should employ themsellves-> privatization
he was an ecologist who knew several native languages and said Arizona forests are better managed by Natives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sustaianability- most good for most people long term. Need highly, effecient focused production of foresters, didn't really believe in using fire, thought we would run out of timber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forests should be managed by ppl w/appropriate knowledge
rather than cadets at west point, they should be be people who spent more time learning about forestry |
|
|
Term
| How forests became associated with the state |
|
Definition
| govt when Pres Cleveland signed off on federal reserve act assosiated forests with the state. Psuedo-military management was idea proposed by prof. Sargeant at Harvrd |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Established national park service to manage certain federal alnds. Trees could be harvested but not much. Established to conserve lands for future genertaions |
|
|
Term
| Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act- |
|
Definition
authorizes and directs secretary of Agriculture to develop and administer the renewable resources of timber, range, water, and recreation in national forests for multiple use and sustained yield of products and services
meet the needs of the people. sustained yield=maintain regular output of renewable resources Sustained yield: regular output without impairment of the land's productivity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
national ecology policy act- include environmental consideration into federal planning and action
provides decision makers/stakeholders with information they need to undertand potential environmental impacts of proposed actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| started b/c of progressive era infludence. Forest reserve act took land from public and called them forest reserves that would be managed by what would become the US forest service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both=government control
Muir = trees are spritual and represent god, believed forests affected climate, once said shooting someone could be more effective than science. conservation for bueaty
Pinchot=preservation for resources
sustainability, most good for most people over time, preserve timber |
|
|
Term
alternative ideas of how to conserve forests |
|
Definition
Muir intially said to use force to protect forests
Bowers said we need an effect parmanent system of forest management.
Fernow=government control
Rothock= fire police, subsidies for tree planting, effective forestry school
Colvin=army
Abbe=civilian force under department of argiculture
Roosevelt=federal government + informing the public
Riordian=anything it takes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a community of species interacting among one another in the physical environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aggregation of interacting species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the study of the relationship between living organisms and their natural environment
ex=why a certain plant grows ina particular area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the fact that smaller classifications can be part of a larger larger classifications of a group of organisms
biospher->biome->ecosystem->community->population->organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where resulting output gets increased
more of one things leads to more of another
ex= more wildfire due to global warming can lead to more carbon dioxide emissions that lead to higher temperatures and more wildfire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more predators eat more animals decreasing the amount of animals
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forests that are ecologically intact and have been mostly undisturbed
very few today
Amazon is one of them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a large and distinct community of plants and animals that occupies a particular region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shift from one ecosystem to the next without a sharp boundary
ex=tropical forest to temperate forest
elevation-temp gets colder at higher elevations
precipatation- decreases as you move away from the equator
maritime-coastal regions get more rainfall |
|
|
Term
ecological forest
social forest
political forest |
|
Definition
just a regular forest defined, coupled natural systems
forest used for ppl's livelihood, they are part of social identity and connection to a place, have informatl rights and rules
land declared forest by government authorities, land use categorized into how many resources can be extracted, considered government reserve, have management plans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of controlling and manging the forest to meet certain needs and values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thelargest uield that can be taken while still allowing the forest to be productive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a forest that has gotten to old age without significant disturbance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shows that fire is a disturbance and humans don't care about the animals they are shooting when they hunt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Marketing campaign sought icon, Disney allowed use of Bambi, Smokey the bare was the new icon , ans at once point recognized more than the president
strengthened budget and centralized authority of USFS
Loved by public
ignored contradictory science, funded supportive science, succession-based forest management
NSF gave millions to prevent lightning in project skyfire |
|
|
Term
Fire and the Forest
Powell
Resiliency |
|
Definition
Powell recognized the human role in producing a resilient forest
Resilient forest= not much vegetation in understory for fire to climb onto the crown from
high frequency, low intensity fires
some forests follow a different model w/regular burning: Yosemite
Results that we're living with= large fires and vegetation change
biome is subject to fires |
|
|
Term
| How can we restore resilience? |
|
Definition
| communities affected by fire participate |
|
|
Term
| Langston= Misfit of classical succession model to forest |
|
Definition
disturbance is a rare, external event, not intrinsic property like Clements said
Succession isn't orderly because foresters couldn't really always predice that would come in after disturbance
If forests followed simple laws of competition like Clements said, foresters would manipulate competitive struggle to speed up succession to arrive at most desirable plant communities |
|
|
Term
| Fairfax et al: Who decides and who benefits or pays the price? |
|
Definition
Muir and Pinchot both believed in federal ownership and that local users of natural resources were greedy, ill-informed, and untrustworthy
alternative approached that might be more harmonious with current efforts of local groups to get control over their environment, ime to look at conservation modes that don't depend on federal ownership and management of public
sometimes, too many trees leads to insect attack and dry trees due to limited water resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have enough resources for future generations
poorer people live near polluting factories
national resrouces- some groups get less benefit from the way national resources are managed and allocated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enough resources for future generations
poorer people live near polluting factories
national resources-some groups less likely to benefit from the particular way a resource is managed or distributed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fairness doctrint 1949= eliminated scc equal opportunity to talk on radio in response to others
pinchot= greatest good for greatest amount of people= utilitarian and didn't count minorities
free market fairness under Reagan |
|
|
Term
management models= participatory, collaborative, ecosystem, community
Par Collab Ecos Comm |
|
Definition
participatory= local + institutional inputs used to develop best policy
collaborative- multiple ppl work together and many opinions heard
ecosystem- rely on best science, dynamics, broader perspective
community-realistic+ long term sustainable solutions -> community aspect leads to better decisions + avoid litigation+ more sustainability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transfer of carbon in an ecosystem
carbon flux-transfer of carbon from 1 pool to another
|
|
|
