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ESPM 40 - Midterm 1
Insects and Human Society
22
Environmental Studies
Undergraduate 1
10/22/2007

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Cards

Term
Phylum Arthropoda
Definition

1. Bilaterally symmetrical

2. Segmented

3. Open Circulatory System

4. Exoskeleton

5. Ventral Nerve Cord

6. Dorsal Artery 

Term

Class: Trilobita 

Definition
fossil species only
Term
Chelicerata
Definition
spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, etc. (named for mouthparts)
Term
Myriapoda
Definition
have head and many segments (centipedes, millipedes)
Term
Crustacea
Definition

(crabs, shrimp, pill bugs)

1. two pairs of antennae

2. Appendages on most segments (mostly aquatic) 

Term
Class: Hexapoda
Definition
Includes true insects
Term
Insecta
Definition

true insects;

a) 1 pair of antennae

b) 3 major body regions- Head, Thorax, Abdomen

c) 3 pairs of walking legs

d) most have wings 

Term
jointed exoskeleton
Definition

"inside out";

1. Multilayered external shell that varies dynamically with time and location;

2. Outer layers of integument protects animal from water loss (wax, cement on outside)

3. Exocuticle and Endocutical are composed of microfibers of chitin surrounded by a matrix of protein that becomes rigid when scelrotization occurs. 

Term
tagmosis
Definition
grouping into a functional unit of segments, like the Head, Thorax, and Abdomen
Term
Sclerotization
Definition
protein molecules are linked together by quinone that makes the matrix of protein of chitin become rigid
Term
advantages of an exoskeleton  
Definition

a) efficient at small size

b) tubular design is stronger than rod for less weight

c) flexible enough and light enough for flight

d) provides good protection for soft internal structures 

Term
limitation of exoskeleton
Definition

a) growth must occur in discrete steps; expansion to new size occurs immediately after molting

b) size limiting factors and the surface area to volume problem 

Term
Head
Definition

sensory, ingestion, houses brain;

1. antennae, compound eyes, mouthparts 

Term
Thorax
Definition

1. locomotion (legs, wings)

2. three segments (pro-,meso-,metathorax), wings on last two 

Term
Abdomen
Definition
houses digestive, excretory, reproductive organs; 9 to 11 segments
Term
Appendages
Definition

1. typically jointed, many pairs, maybe as many as one pair per body segment

2. appendages that are modified into antennae, mouthparts, legs (NOT wings) 

Term
Mouthparts
Definition

labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium;

1. various modifications of mouthparts illustrate how insects can vary the same basic plan to different, specialized structures

2.examples: grasshopper, sucking bug, mosquito, bee, butterfly 

Term
epicuticle
Definition
wax/cement outermost layer; protects against moisture loss
Term
exocuticle
Definition
relatively rigid; microfibers of chitin surrounded by a matrix of protein
Term
endocuticle
Definition
middle seciton of exocuticle; more flexible and surrounded by a matrix of chitin
Term
epidermis
Definition
living cells--secrete cuticle; innermost layer
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