Term
|
Definition
| The product is greater than the sum of its parts.Features: emergence,lack of centralized control,feedback loops,nonlinear relationship, power law distributions, delicate balance between stability and instability, and different rules at different scales
Example: Twitter, biological interaction networks, tree, blood networks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common features of organizations emerge across scales, principals of flow (fluid, information) create patterns. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The appearance of simple large-scale behavior from complexity. Collective behavior is by its nature unpredictable, arising as it does from a complex system of rules and complicated network of subsystems all undergoing change. Examples: Fireflies=synced flashes, genes=organisms
The order may be very difficult to predict based on known slight
preferences…. however… organization does “emerge” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An emergent property that can arise from the interactions of many components. Unexpected instability can also arise from interactions among components. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive Feedback and negative feedback (chemical weathering of rocks)"Arms races" e.g., snails become more
heavily armored prey, and their predators, crabs,
which over time develop more massive claws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distribution networks maximize the area which they can take up and release resources and minimize the time and energy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Changes that are not directly reversible
Ex: trees and rainfall, once the tipping point is reached the trees go away and it takes alot more water than the minimum needs to sustain it before it reached the tipping point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Many connections and feedbacks
2) systems operate across a spectrum of time and space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crust and upper most solid mantle. Mantle: Fe, Mg, Al, Si, O. Crust and uppermost mantle: Na, Ca, Al, Si, P.
Take home point: The lithosphere process of continental drift is a major __ force. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3.7-2.5 BYA. 3.5 BYA first cells, 2.8 Cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4.5-3.7 BYA: hostile environment, crust just beginning to form. 4.5 BYA=formation of the Earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 0.54-0.00001 BYA: includes Cambrian. 0.5 Bya=land plants. 0.49 BYA=fish. 0.2 BYA=mammals. 0.00001 BYA=humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2.5-.54 BYA. 2.4 Banded Iron formation. 2 BYA O2 atmosphere -> O3 (when iron runs out and can no loger combine with o2, O2 is released into atmosphere. 1.8 BYA=eukaryokes. 0.67 BYA=multicellular organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begins ~580 - 590 my. Complexity increases rapidly at the start of the Cambrian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Holocene is a geological epoch which began at the end of the Pleistocene(around 10,000 14C years ago) and continues to the present...Anthropocene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2.8 billion years ago bacteria(cyanobacteria) developed photosynthesis that yields O2. Rise in atmospheric O2 levels ~ 2.4 and 1.8 billion years ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Life formed elsewhere and was brought to earth by meteorites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A classic experiment in molecular biology and genetics, the Miller-Urey experiment, established that the conditions that existed in Earth's primitive atmosphere were sufficient to produce amino acids, the subunits of proteins comprising and required by living organisms. In essence, the Miller-Urey experiment fundamentally established that Earth's primitive atmosphere was capable of producing the building blocks of life from inorganic materials. pre-cellular, pre-enzymatic synthesis?
- heat ?
- mineral catalysts?
In the absence of life and O2, prebiotic may have
accumulated in the early oceans for hundreds of millions of
years, eventually providing precursors for cell materials. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Building blocks (molecules) of the right type (and water)
A way to construct these molecules into polymers (RNA, DNA, lipids)
Energy source and system to use it and energy system
Replication system
Cell wall
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Gaia hypothesis says that the temperature, oxidation state, acidity, and certain aspects of the rocks and waters are kept constant, and that this homeostasis is maintained by active feedback processes operated automatically and unconsciously by the biota.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Host cell + oxygen using bacterial cell= Eukaryotic cell with mitochondrion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ribsomal RNA is a molecule often used for phylogenetic analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First fossil eukaryotes ~ 1.8 - 1.2 bya. (Maybe even 2 bya) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vertical gene transfer (VGT) occurs when an organism receives genetic material from its ancestor, e.g., its parent or a species from which it has evolved.
Example VGT: Inheriting the gene predisposing you to disorder like hemophilia, and many others.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is any process in which an organism incorporates genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.
Example HGT: Horizontal gene transfer is common among bacteria, even amongst very distantly-related ones. This process is thought to be a significant cause of increased drug resistance when one bacterial cell acquires resistance and quickly transfers the resistance genes to many species.Also, endosymbiosis and many others.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Viruses are agents of horizontal gene transfer, and therefore impact species evolution.Viruses can influence community composition through predation.
A virus is a small infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of organisms. Viruses infect all types of organisms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea
Viruses can alter the abundance of very specific organisms or groups of organisms, changing the food web, and thus the entire ecosystem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) May have coevolved w/ bacteria and archeal life 2) degenerate paracites 3) progressive: cell components evolved the ability ti replicate and transmit, spun off from DNA or RNA in cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Identify a Question or Problem, Perform Background‐Scholarly Search on What has been done in the Past, Propose a Rational and Meaningful Hypothesis, TEST Your Hypothesis by Performing Controlled Experiments, Paired Measurements, or Numerical Computations, Analyze Your Data, Quantify Systematic and Sampling Errors, Test for Null Hypothesis, and Draw a Conclusion, Use Information to Produce Mathematical Model and Use it to Predict, and Modify and Refine Hypothesis, Re‐Test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fallacy is usually incorrect argumentation in reasoning resulting in a misconception or presumption. Can be prevented by remembering: Correlation does not prove Causation, An unrepresentative sample, Appeal to Motive, Appeal to Authority, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a complex system, so predictions are sensitive to initial conditions, Its components span multiple time and space
scales, processes behave in a non‐linear
manner to external forcings and the system has many positive and negative feedbacks,It experiences lots of natural variability, so it
may take a long time before a signal evolves above the noise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alcohol and mercury thermometer, aspirate and shield, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dewpoint hygrometer, wet bulb hygrometer, hair hygrometer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass=weighing, length= manual/visual, counts=tipping bucket |
|
|
Term
| Solar and Terrestrial Radiation |
|
Definition
| Solar (shortwave) pyranometer, Terrestrial (longwave) pyrgeometer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pH meter, total organic carbon analyzer, dissolved oxygen sensor |
|
|
Term
Wind Speed, Velocity and Direction Sensors
|
|
Definition
| 3-D Propellor anenometer, 3-D sonic anenometer, cup anenometer, wind vane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mass spectrometer, Gas Chromatograph, Laser induced pulsed fluorescence, Non‐Dispersive Infrared Spectrometer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Electron Capture: halogens, Flame Ionization: sulfur, Flame Photometric: O3, NO2, Thermal Conductivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
top-down - of an approach to a problem that begins at the highest conceptual level and works down to the details
bottom-up - of an approach to a problem that begins with details and works up to the highest conceptual level |
|
|
Term
| Composition of the atmosphere |
|
Definition
Layers (bottom to top):Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere.
N2=78%, O=20%, Arg=0.9%, CO2=0.038, water vapor=.1-4%, trace gases= <5 ppm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume.The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture |
|
|
Term
| Determination of Life on Other Planets |
|
Definition
| James Lovelock proposed that atmospheres will have‘Signatures of life’ if their chemical composition is in a disequilibrium condition, e.g. the maintenance of elevated levels of Oxygen in the Presence of Methane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of moles entering or leaving a pool of a given volume per unit of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of moles crossing a unit area per unit time |
|
|
Term
| Mass of CO2 in atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Important biosphere-atmosphere interactions |
|
Definition
(Hydrosphere and Atmosphere interactions)
Photosynthesis: CO2 and H2O + light energy >sugars
Respiration:sugars -> CO2 and H2O+energy
Phytoplankton > Dms > SO2 (induces cloud formation) |
|
|
Term
| Major uses and exchange of CO2, N, P, and H2O |
|
Definition
CO2: Primary source of high‐energy sugars
Nitrogen: Key component in RUBISCO, the enzyme that fixes CO2, and amino acids that form proteins Phosphorus: Key component of ATP and NADPH, the energy‐containing compounds central to many metabolic processes. Constituent of DNA and RNA.
H2O:Keeps cells turgid, Solute for transferring nutrients, Lost via transpiration through stomata
Mass Exchange of C, H2O, N and P
• Stomata on Leaves must open for CO2 to Enter, CO2 is the prime substrate for the energy compound glucose
• Water diffuses out of the Leaf: Roots must take up soil water and transfer it to the leaf through the phoelem to keep cells turgid The assimilation of CO2 relies on a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme RUBISCO: RUBISCO contains xxx Nitrogen molecules per mole Energy from Sunlight is converted to the energy compound ATP,Phosphorous must be assimilated |
|
|
Term
| Major gases that microbes emit |
|
Definition
oxygen(O2)and removing gases,e.g., nitrogen(N2. Some organisms can interconvert different compounds of nitrogen. SOME can take biologically available nitrogen and returning it to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas(N2.
EX:
Carbon Dioxide, CO2
Methane, CH4
Nitrous oxide, N2O
Nitric oxide, NO
DiNitrogen, N2
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S
Hydrogen, H2 |
|
|
Term
| Major sources and sinks of CO2 |
|
Definition
Sources: volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter, and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms, and industrial emmissions.
Sinks: Oceans, plants, soils |
|
|
Term
| Range of CO2 levels in atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Physics ‘wins’, or sets the Limits.
Biology is How It’s Done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Sun is the Ultimate Source of Energy
for Most Life in the Biosphere (except chemotrophs), Solar Constant: 1366 J m2 s-1 = Wm-2, Solar Radiative Temperature: 5770 K, Solar Constant sets Upper Limit on Amounts and Rates of Metabolism. |
|
|
Term
| Energy use from different light sources |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light we cannot see on the spectrum before visible light, shortwave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light we can feel (heat),longwave |
|
|
Term
| How do you determine areas that are most feasible for solar power? |
|
Definition
| Lambert's cosine law:Definition of zenith and elevation angles and the projection of area normal to incident rays on a flat surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of solar radiation that is reflected back off a surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Net radiation (RN) is compromised of the balance between Incoming and Outgoing Solar (shortwave, Rg) and Terrestria; (Longwave, L) radiation.
Rn=(1-albedo)Rg+L(down)-L(up)
It includes: sensible heat exchange, latent heat exchange, soil heat exchange, heat and storage in the air and vegetation, and photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| Importance of Stefan-Boltzman equation |
|
Definition
states that the total energy radiated per unit surface area of a black body per unit time (also known as the black-body irradiance or emissive power), j*, is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body's thermodynamic temperature T (also called absolute temperature)
[Longwave energy emission is a function of Absolute Temp to the 4th Power] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| z-reaction in photosynthesis: visible solar energy (400-700 nm)is abosrbed by pigments and this energy is converted into high energy compounds, ATP and NADPH by photosystems II and I. 8 photons per CO2 molecule fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trophic efficiency is the net effect of component efficiencies. Less energy is available at higher trophic levels and with less energy, less mass but with larger individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metabolic rate (B) of an organism scales to the 3/4 power of its mass (M):
B=M^(3/4)The metabolic energy needed to sustain an organism INCREASES with mass to the 3/4 power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface, energy is transferred to the surface and the lower atmosphere. As a result, the temperature there is higher than it would be if direct heating by solar radiation were the only warming mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Effect of volcano's on earth's climate |
|
Definition
| Volcanoes affect the climate through the gases and dust particles thrown into the atmosphere during eruptions. The effect of the volcanic gases and dust may warm or cool the earth's surface, depending on how sunlight interacts with the volcanic material. |
|
|
Term
| Positive and negative feedbacks on earth's climate |
|
Definition
| Chemical weathering of rocks=negative feedback for CO2 concentration in atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| Methods for reconstructing earth's climate |
|
Definition
Ice cores:(a) Oxygen isotopes: the ratio of heavy and light oxygen isotopes help us to determine the
past temperature on earth. Higher ratio of lighter isotopes correspond to colder regions and colder periods in history. Higher ratios of heavier isotopes correspond to warmer regions and warmer periods in history.
(b) CO2 and different GHG in ice core bubbles. Trapped gas bubbles e.g., C02 in ice cores can be measured and used as proxy of past concentration of the gas in the
atmosphere. Concentration of these gases is correlated with temperature.
(c) Organic materials reflect past vegetation communities which give clues about climate history.
(d) Dust and other particulates can also reveal particularly dry period’s in earth’s climate history: high dust accumulations correspond to periods of drought.
Direct measurements: |
|
|
Term
| Evidence of Global Climate Change |
|
Definition
1) Spike in levels of CO2, CH4, N20 are far beyond the pattern for 400,000 years
2)Spike in global temperature
3)ocean temps increase=killing reefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1.Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element |
|
|
Term
| Other evidence of climate change |
|
Definition
Migration:Poleward migration rate of isotherms km/decade
isotherms: A line on a map connecting points having the same temperature at a given time or on average over a given period |
|
|
Term
| Impacts of climate change |
|
Definition
Observed:coral reefs dying, rise in global temp
Predicted: |
|
|
Term
| Major elements of life and what they are used for |
|
Definition
| CHNOPS: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur |
|
|
Term
| Sources of nutrients in an ecosystem |
|
Definition
1) Chemical weathering releases elements from rocks into solution
2) Atmosphere:O from photosynthesis,C from respiration,S,(N)
3) Biology:nitrogen fixation
4) Immigration: e.g., animals move nutrients from elsewhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using light or chemical energy. Green plants, algae, and certain bacteria are autotrophs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An organism that cannot synthesize its own food and is dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition. |
|
|
Term
| How to Harvest and store energy from the sun |
|
Definition
Carbon Fixation
Photosynthesis:
Other sources:photovoltaic
effect:light knocks electrons into a higher state of energy to create electricity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Electron Donor and Acceptor
Donor=oxidation (loses electron)
Acceptor=reduction (gains electron) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
process by which microorganisms and plants harvest solar energy and store the energy in sugars.
STEP 1:Light reactions:light is absorbed by pigments(the“photo” step)
STEP 2:Dark reactions:energy stored in intermediate molecules* is converted to chemical energy in sugars(the“synthesis”step)
*Energy molecules are ATP and NADPH
6CO2+6H20->C6 H12 O6+6O2 |
|
|
Term
| Photsynthesis Electron Donor/Receptors |
|
Definition
| Photosyn donor= oxygen, photosyn acceptor= carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The light-dependent reactions, or light reactions, are the first stage of photosynthesis, the process by which plants capture and store energy from sunlight. In this process, light energy is converted into chemical energy, in the form of the energy-carrying molecules ATP and NADPH. In the light-independent reactions, the formed NADPH and ATP drive the reduction of CO2 to more useful organic compounds, such as glucose. However, although light-independent reactions are, by convention, also called dark reactions, they are not independent of the need of light, for they are driven by ATP and NADPH, products of light.
The light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membrane inside a chloroplast. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem I (PSI), Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calvin cycle. The dark reaction occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. This reaction is called carbon fixation or the Calvin cycle. In this reaction, carbon dioxide is converted to sugar using ATP and NADPH. |
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis's importance to the biosphere |
|
Definition
1) detoxification/replenishment and 2) biosynthesis.
It is the primary means of converting energy from the sun in to usable forms by almost all life on earth. With the exception of some deep sea and volcanic chemotrophs, photosynthesis provides the energy for all life. |
|
|
Term
| Gross and Net Productivity |
|
Definition
Gross Productivity:the amount of energy trapped in organic matter during a specified interval at a given trophic level.
Net
Productivity:Gross productivity-respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies in a food chain.Food chains start at trophic level 1 with primary producers such as plants, move to herbivores at level 2, predators at level 3 and typically finish with carnivores or apex predators at level 4 or 5. The path along the chain can form a one-way flow, or a food "web." Ecological communities with higher biodiversity form more complex trophic paths. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A complex network of feeding interrelations among species in a natural ecosystem; more accurate and more complex depiction of energy flow than a food chain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 11.A group of interdependent organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of individuals of a particular species that live within a defined area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1.A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Niche is the habitat, lifestyle and environment.
The Exclusion Principle states that “no two species can occupy the same niche at the same time.” |
|
|
Term
| Species richness vs. species diversity |
|
Definition
Species richness: the number of species within a system.(quantity)
Species diveristy=includes
measuresof richness and abundance.(quality) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Succession:change with an ecosystem over time.
Primary Succession->Secondary Succession->Climax community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gross Carbon Fixation minus PhotoRespiration. Gross primary production (GPP) refers to the total amount of carbon fixed in the process of photosynthesis by plants in an ecosystem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NPP = GPP minus Autotrophic Respiration. NPP is the net amount of primary production after the costs of plant respiration are included. Primary measure of biomass accumulation within an ecosystem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all respiration processes by living plant parts. This is manly root respiration but also respiration in above-ground plant parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NEP= NPP minus Heterotrophic Respiration. NEP is the net amount of primary production after the costs of respiration by plants, hetertrophs, and decomposers are all included. Therefore, NEP = GPP - (Rp + Rh + Rd). |
|
|
Term
| Heterotrophic Respiration |
|
Definition
| respiration processes by microbes in soil and litter that oxidize organic carbon to carbon dioxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NBP= NEP minus C loss by disturbance, fire, harvest. The NBP would be most useful to determine whether a certain ecosystem is currently
functioning as a CO2 source or sink, because it is CO2 fixation net of all local losses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a plant employing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase as the primary CO2-capturing enzyme, with the first product being a 3-carbon acid, also display photorespiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C4 plants are plants which use more carbon to grow than average plants. They are hence far more efficient in carbon trapping and require usually more water and heat than C3 plants. Sugarcane is a typical C4 plant. Plants that use PEP carboxylase to fix CO2 into a four carbon compound, which is then transferred to special cells, called bundle sheath cells, where the CO2 is fixed by RuBisCo. C4 plants avoid photorespiration by keeping CO2 concentrations high in the vicinity of RuBisCo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants that use PEP carboxylase to fix CO2 into a four carbon acid during the night. This acid is stored in the vacuole until daytime, when it is moved out of the vacuole and decarboxylated. The carbon dioxide is then fixed by RuBisCo in the Calvin-Benson cycle. CAM plants avoid photorespiration by building up a store of CO2 during the night, and then using this store during the day to produce carbohydrates and maintain a relatively high CO2 concentration in the vicinity of RuBisCo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A-ci curve: Saturation of CO2 in a leaf, too little= no photosynthesis too much limits photosynthesis
Light response curve:The leaf response curve levels off after 400 micromole/m2/s of light because the leaf reaches the light saturation point. At this point the light reactions are producing more ATP and NADPH than can be used by dark reactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical reaction in photosynthetic organisms in which the enzyme rubisco takes up O2, leading to the breakdown of sugars, the release of CO2, and a net loss of energy |
|
|
Term
| Scale emergent properties of leaves |
|
Definition
Net Carbon Uptake of a Leaf saturates with regards to increasing sunlight while Net Carbon Uptake of Crops is a Linear Function of Sunlight: An Emergent Property of the
Ecosystem |
|
|
Term
| Effect of stand age on NEP |
|
Definition
•Gross Photosynthesis, PG, increases with time,reaches a Peak, declines and then plateaus
•Respiration, R, increases
with time then reaches a
plateau
•Net photosynthesis increases with time, reaches a peak and then plateaus to a balance between uptake and losses
•Biomass, B, increases with time then reaches a plateau |
|
|
Term
| Effect of disturbance on ecosystem respiration and photsynthesis |
|
Definition
| Ecosystem Respiration (FR) Scales (increases) with Ecosystem Photosynthesis (FA),But with an Offset and Parallel Line is associate with Disturbed Sites |
|
|
Term
| Belowground Carbon processes |
|
Definition
| A and H respiration, microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of breaking down through exposure to sunlight |
|
|
Term
| Fluxes and pools in global carbon cycle |
|
Definition
| Gross Terrestrial Photosynthesis, Net Terrestrial Photosynthesis, Autotrophic Respiration, Heterotrophic Respiration,Oceanic Photosynthesis,Oceanic Respiration, Ocean Net Primary Production |
|
|
Term
| Climate Constraints on Vegetation |
|
Definition
Sunlight:
Water:
Temperature: |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between mass and population size |
|
Definition
| Mass= number^(-3/4) basically more little organisms or less giant organisms |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between between metabolic rate and mass |
|
Definition
| Metabolic rate (B)= (M)ass^(3/4) |
|
|
Term
| Functional Traits for Leaves and Plants |
|
Definition
Leaves:Size, shape,angle,absorptance, leaf weight, carbon/nitrogen %, photosynthetic pathway
Plants: life form, longevity, heightm phenology, root pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Erect, Horizontal, Multiple Angles, Azimuthally symmetric or asymmetric
(Cereal Grains have been Bred to Optimize Light Interception by
Establishing Canopies with Erect Leaves) |
|
|
Term
| Tradeoff between shade and drought tolerance |
|
Definition
| Plants can either be more shade tolerant OR more drought tolerant, they cannot be both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Leaf area index:amount of leaf area per ground area
Woody biomass area index: silhouette woody biomass per unit area
photosynthetic pathway
stomatal distribution (amphi or hypostomatous) |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between vegetation cover and precipitation |
|
Definition
| As precipitation increase so does vegetation exponentally until it slows down and levels off |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of evergreen and deciduous habits |
|
Definition
Evergreen: long photsynthetic season,lower cost of construction and replacement of leaf nutrients, tougher laminae that is able to withstand freeze,frost, herbivory.
Deciduous: higher Ps per unit mass, no respiration and transpiration during unfavorable season, lower root cost |
|
|
Term
| Key processes in ecosystems dynamics |
|
Definition
reproduction:flowering, pollination
dispersal:
recruitment:coompetition, predation, facilitation, seedling mortality
competition:
facilitation:
mortality:
disturbance:
primany succession:
secondary succession: |
|
|
Term
| How the presence of vegetation affects wind, light, humidity, heat, and mass transfer |
|
Definition
Presence/Absences of Plants:
1) Attenuates wind and turbulence within and above the canopy via drag
2) intercepts and scatters of photons throughout canopy
3) creates a heat load on leaves and the soil
4) Provides physiological resistances to water, CO2, and pollutant transfer
5) provides the biochemical capacity to synthesize or consume carbon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leaf-Air temperature Difference |
|
Definition
effect of leaf size:
Leaf angle:
moisture: |
|
|
Term
| Conservation of mean leaf temperature across ecosystems |
|
Definition
| Isotopes infer Leaf temperatures of tree leaves are contrained ~21C (Mean leaf temp) |
|
|
Term
| Effect on Terrain on wind and sun exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effect of vegetation type on radiation balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light transmission through canopy (effect of sun angle) |
|
Definition
| Sunlight passing through gaps comes from the sun and from the sky. Leaves intercept, absorb,reflect and transmit light. This causes complementary radiation |
|
|
Term
| Effect on snow on soil temperature |
|
Definition
| Snow/Mulches lessens extremes in Soil Temperature to Swings in Air Temperature |
|
|
Term
| Variation of soil temperature |
|
Definition
depth:
time of day:
time of year: |
|
|
Term
| Concept of Planetary Boundary Layer |
|
Definition
| The planetary boundary layer (PBL)is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behavior is directly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface. On Earth it usually responds to changes in surface forcing in an hour or less. In this layer physical quantities such as flow velocity, temperature, moisture etc., display rapid fluctuations (turbulence) and vertical mixing is strong. Above the PBL is the "free atmosphere" where the wind is approximately geostrophic (parallel to the isobars) while within the PBL the wind is affected by surface drag and turns across the isobars. The free atmosphere is usually nonturbulent, or only intermittently turbulent. |
|
|
Term
| Techniques to prevent frost in agriculture |
|
Definition
| Wind machine breaks up nighttime temperature inversion to prevent frost. Sprinkler irrigation: frost protection is given by LATENT HEAT of fustion as water freezes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbon emissions are the fluxes of C from the biosphere to the atmosphere. In other
words, they are C sources to the atmosphere from the biosphere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carbon offsets are reductions in carbon emissions (or other greenhouse gasses) used to compensate for an emission made someplace else.
|
|
|
Term
| Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Mitigation |
|
Definition
GHG mitigation involves actions to reduce the concentrations of greenhouse gasses either by reducing sources or increasing sinks.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conservation tillage leaves the previous year's crop residue (such as corn stalks) on fields before and after planting the next crop, to reduce soil erosion and runoff. At least 30% of the soil surface must be covered with residue after planting.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The collective mass of water found on or within a planet
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water released from living communities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Underwater plants enhance water clarity, increasing penetration of
sunlight, enhancing growth of other plants |
|
|
Term
| correlation between oxygen level and organism size |
|
Definition
| As O2 increased organisms got bigger |
|
|
Term
| What are the four major functions of the renal system? |
|
Definition
- Removal of waste products
- Regulation of volume and osmolarity (Na+ and H2O)
- Regulation of ions (including acid H+ and base HCO3-)
- Arterial pressure (RAAS)
|
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of glomerular filtration in Bowman's capsule? |
|
Definition
- Endothelial cells (fenestrations)
- Basement Membrane
- Podocytes
|
|
|
Term
| What particles are permeable in Bowman's capsule during glomerular filtration? |
|
Definition
H20, glucose, and Ions (like Na+, K+ etc)
NOT PROTEIN! |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons? |
|
Definition
| Juxtamedullary nephrons go deeper into the renal medulla, have longer loops, and there are fewer of them. |
|
|
Term
| What are trancellular transport pathways? |
|
Definition
| Transportation the occurs through the cell. Which includes most forms of transportation like primary active transport, secondary active transport, pinocytosis, ion channels, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is paracellular transport? |
|
Definition
| Transportation that occurs between cells |
|
|
Term
| How is glucose reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? |
|
Definition
| Using the energy created by sodium moving into the cell down its concentration gradient glucose couples with Na+ to get into the cell. Once in the cell it can passively diffuse out and be reabsorbed. |
|
|
Term
| Why is there are Na+/K+ ATP pump located on the outside of the proximal tubule facing the interstial fluid? |
|
Definition
| Na+ is pumped out in order create a lower concentration of Na+ within the cell so that Na+ from the nephron lumen can move down its concentration gradient aiding the secondary active transport of Na+ and its coupling with glucose. |
|
|
Term
| Why would a poison that affects the Na+/K+ ATPase pump be affective? |
|
Definition
| Without the pump, the concentration gradient will go away and Na+ will stay in the nephron lumen which will cause less reabsorption of H20 and Na+ becasue water follows sodium. |
|
|
Term
| Why does the osmolarity stay the same from the beginning and end of the proximal tubule? |
|
Definition
| The concentration/ratio between Na+ and H2O stays the same becasue they are both being reabsorbed. Na+ is originally absorbed and H2O follows. |
|
|
Term
| What is diabetes mellitus? |
|
Definition
| Too much glucose in the blood, so not all can be absorbed which is why glucose in the blood is a sign of a problem as well as increasing urine output. |
|
|
Term
| What is the importance of ADH on the renal system? |
|
Definition
| ADH aids in the concentration of urine in the collecting ducts. An increase in ADH secretion leads to an increase in water channels which causes more reabsoption of water, making the fluid inside the collecting ducts a higher osmolarity. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in ADH is inhibited (blocked)? |
|
Definition
| The will be less water reabsorbtion from the collecting ducts and more water will be pee out. Diuretics make you pee more and can block ADH. Alcohol is a inhibitor of ADH. |
|
|
Term
| What is diabetes insipidus? |
|
Definition
| The inabilility of the kidney to respond to ADH so less water channels in the collecting ducts which cause the patient to pee out more water. |
|
|
Term
| What evolutionary purpose would there be to have these mechanisms that concentrate urine? |
|
Definition
| It helps to conserve H2O so in cause you werent near water you could survive better. |
|
|
Term
| What is the average amount of urine excreted a day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you determine osmolarity? |
|
Definition
number of particles/volume
Ex: 140 mM NaCl = 140x2 (one for Na and one for Cl)
4 mM K = 4x1 +
1 mM CaCl2= 3x1
= 287
|
|
|
Term
| What does blocking sodium reabsoption cause? |
|
Definition
| It increases water secretion (can be done by a diuretic) |
|
|
Term
| How does countercurrent multipication work? |
|
Definition
- Active Na+ transport adds solutes to the interstial fluid (Na+)
- Which then draws out H2O (passive transport) from the thin decending limb which concentrates the nephron fluid as it decends
- Nephron flow then brings the concentrated fluid up to thick ascending limb which continues the cycle again.
|
|
|
Term
| What stimulates ADH production in the hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are ways the body gets rid of acid? |
|
Definition
- Buffering of H+. Chemicals combine with H+ to normalize free H+ (weakest)
- Can convert H+ and HCO3- back into CO2 and H20 and CO2 can be expired through the respiratory system
- Kidney filtration by reabsorbing HCO3- in the proximal tubule, thick ascending limb, and earlier distal tubule while H+ is pushed out into the nephron lumen and combines with a buffer (phosphate ammonia) and eventully is peed out
|
|
|
Term
| One of the main functions of the kidney is to regulate extracelluar volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Urine enters the urethra before entering the bladder |
|
Definition
| False, the urethra is the end of the urinary system and its where it is peed out |
|
|
Term
| The concentration of glucose in the nephron at the end of the proximal tubule is less than the concentration of glucose in the plasma. |
|
Definition
| True, glucose couples with Na+ to be reabsorbed in the proximal tubule with secondary active transport. |
|
|
Term
| The proximal convuluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 15% of water and ions entering it |
|
Definition
| False, the proximal tubule reabsorbs 85% of the water and ions that enter it. |
|
|
Term
| The water permeability of the proximal tubule is regulated by antiduiretic hormone. |
|
Definition
| False, ADH only affects the collecting ducts of the nephron lumen |
|
|
Term
| An increase in the plasma concentration of ADH will increase water excretion. |
|
Definition
| False, ADH causes increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts so LESS water will be excreted. |
|
|
Term
| A decrease in the plasma sodium concentration will trigger an increase in plasma ADH levels. |
|
Definition
| False. A decrease in the plasma sodium concentration levels will lead to lower osmolarity which does not cause secretion of ADH. High osmolarity is sensed by osmoreceptors in the brain that cause the release of ADH. |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the kidney include: |
|
Definition
- Blood plasma pH
- Blood plasma volume (due to reabsorption=more fluid=higher blood pressure)
- Blood plasm electrolyte concentration (reabsorbs good stuff like Na+)
|
|
|
Term
| Urine is transported to the urinary bladder by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prior to entering the collecting ducts nephron tubular fluid must pass through what? |
|
Definition
- Bowman's capsule
- Loop of Henle
- Proximal convoluted tubule
|
|
|
Term
| Glucose must diffuse through which of the following at the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
- fenestrations
- basement membrane
- podocytes
|
|
|
Term
| Where does the majority of reabsorbtion occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does tubular filtrate have the highest osmolarity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of the functions of the descending limb of the loop of Henle will result in: |
|
Definition
| Decrease water reabsorption and more diluted urine |
|
|
Term
| Concurrent multiplication occur by the actions of the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney
- Increases the permeability of water in the collecting ducts (increases water channels)
- Is secreted in response to dehydration
|
|
|
Term
| What is the correct order of the segments of the nephron lumen? |
|
Definition
- Bowman's capsule
- proximal tubule
- loop of Henle
- distal tubule
- collecting ducts
|
|
|
Term
| Where are peritubule capillaries located? |
|
Definition
| Just after the efferent arteriole (like the only place where a capillary empties out into an arteriole) |
|
|
Term
| In every nephron segment reabsorption of what will always follow reabsorption of sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the nephron lumen, at the end of the proximal tubule: |
|
Definition
| the glucose concentration is much lower than at the beginning of the proximal tubule |
|
|
Term
| In the nephron lumen, at the end of the proximal tubule |
|
Definition
| The osmolarity of the end of the proximal tubule is equal to the osmolarity at the beginning |
|
|
Term
| Glomerular filitration in a normal healthy adult is about: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose is transported in the proximal tubule |
|
Definition
| Via the trancellur pathway (through the cell) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main role of the loop of Henle? |
|
Definition
| to concentrate solutes in the renal medullary interstitial space |
|
|
Term
| What would result in very dilute urine? |
|
Definition
| Blocking the recptors for ADH in the cortical collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| What are possible roles of the kidney? |
|
Definition
- Regulation of plasm osmolarity
- regulation of plasma K+ concentration
- regulation of arterial pressure (ADH, reabsorption, etc)
|
|
|
Term
| What can pass through fenestrations (holes within the endothelial cell) in the glomerulr capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what nephron location is the osmolarity the same as the plasma osmolarity |
|
Definition
| The proximal tubule (beginning and end) |
|
|
Term
| How does sodium move from the nephron lumen into an epithlial cell in the proximal tubule |
|
Definition
| Via a Na+/glucose transporter |
|
|
Term
If all of these people become dehydrated, which one will be able to reabsorb the most water after drinking 2 liters of water
|
Individual
|
Osmolarity in the renal medulla (mOsm/L)
|
|
A
|
1150
|
|
B
|
500
|
|
C
|
700
|
|
D
|
1250
|
|
|
Definition
| D because the higher the osmolarity in the interstitial fluid the greater the need for water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What transporter is present in epithelial cells of both the proximal tubule and the thick ascending limb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A diuretic is a compound that increases water secretion. What could be a diuretic? |
|
Definition
| A drug that inhibits the Na/K ATPase pump |
|
|
