Term
|
Definition
DEF: A muscular tube about 25 cm long connecting the pharynx to the stomach.
Lies anterior to prevertebral fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BEGINNING: pharyngo-esophageal junction, the narrowest part of the esophagus, produced by cricopharyngeus part of inferior constrictor muscle = superior esophageal sphincter. |
|
|
Term
| Diseases of striated muscle: |
|
Definition
| myasthenia gravis which causes dysphagia (problem with swallowing) |
|
|
Term
| Diseases of smooth muscle: |
|
Definition
| scleroderma (smooth muscle replaced by scar tissue) |
|
|
Term
| INNERVATION: Meissner Plexus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| INNERVATION: Circular muscle |
|
Definition
Auerbach/Myenteric plexus
contraction causes an increase in luminal pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vagus Nerve
contraction causes shortening |
|
|
Term
| How does peristaltic reflex work? |
|
Definition
| Food elicits the peristaltic reflex mediated by the enteric nervous system that propels the food toward the stomach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thoracic sympathetic chain T1-T4 or T6 and greatersplanchnic nerves
sympathetic also conducts pain fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
derived from vagus--Left vagus forms anterior trunk, Right vagus forms posterior trunk
and from recurrent laryngeal nerve for the upper esophagus and from the esophageal plexus for the middle and lower esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES), at opening of stomach, fails to relax and allow food in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PRIMARY: idiopathic loss of inhibitory neural innervation (NOS/VIP); autoimmunity,
SECONDARY: secondary to Chagas disease (= damage of myenteric plexus of esophagus, duodenum, colon & ureter by Trypanosoma cruzi (also myocardium), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arterial blood: from inferior thyrooid artery from branches of aorta, and from left gastric artery.
venous blood drains the inferior thyroid, azygos, and left gastric veins
Communication btwn azygous and left gastric veins in wall of esophagus and upper stomach forms a clinically important portosystemic anastomosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by portal hypertension, arise in dilated & tortuous veins within submucosa around gastro-esophageal junction and if overlying mucosa is eroded it will bleed to cause massive haematemesis & death in 50-67% of people
leading cause: Liver cirrhosis from alcoholism & hepatic schistosomiasis |
|
|
Term
| Upper endoscopy, EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy): |
|
Definition
| A flexible tube with a camera on its end (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth. The endoscope allows examination of the stomach and duodenum (small intestine). |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal pH monitoring: |
|
Definition
| A probe that monitors acidity (pH) is introduced into the esophagus. Monitoring pH can help identify GERD and follow the response to treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person swallows a barium solution, then X-ray films are taken of the esophagus and stomach. Most often, a barium swallow is used to seek the cause of difficulty swallowing or dysphasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An incompletely closed LES allows acidic stomach contents to back up (reflux) into the esophagus. Reflux can cause heartburn, cough or hoarseness, or no symptoms at all. |
|
|
Term
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): |
|
Definition
| When reflux occurs frequently or is bothersome, it's called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the esophagus. Esophagitis can be due to irritation (as from reflux) or infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Regular reflux of stomach acid irritates the esophagus, which may cause the lower part to change its structure. Very infrequently, Barrett's esophagus progresses to esophageal cancer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An erosion in an area of the lining of the esophagus. This is often caused by chronic reflux. |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal stricture (blockage): |
|
Definition
| A narrowing of the esophagus. Chronic irritation from reflux is the usual cause of esophageal strictures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Although serious, cancer of the esophagus is uncommon. Risk factors for esophageal cancer include smoking, heavy drinking, and chronic reflux. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FROM WEAKENED ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS = HIATAL HERNIA
- SLIDING
- ROLLING (PARAESOPHAGEAL) |
|
|
Term
| MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME**** |
|
Definition
longitudinal tear at esophago-gastric junction due to retching or vomiting,
TEAR: mucosal tear (Mallory Weiss). When the tear is total, the syndrome is called Boerhaave syndrome (total wall tear)
PATHOGENESIS: inadequate relaxation of LES
ASSOCIATIONS: seen in 75% of hiatal hernias |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forceful protracted vomiting giving rise to sudden RUPTURE of esophagus |
|
|
Term
| TRACHEO-ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA & ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA |
|
Definition
| Incomplete partitioning by the tracheo-esophageal septum. |
|
|
