Shared Flashcard Set

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ESOL
Exam 1
64
Education
Graduate
10/07/2007

Additional Education Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Orthography
Definition
refers to all aspects of writing (spelling, punctuation, spacing, special textual features)
Term
How is language variable?
Definition
-Pragmatics
-Deep vs. shallow orthography
Term
Pragmatics
Definition
Using different modes of language in different circumstances ("yo" vs. "good evening")
Term
Deep structure
Definition
-The meaning behind the words of a sentence
-Visiting linguists can be boring
Term
Surface structure
Definition
The order of words in a sentence, divorced of context.
Term
Tenets of behaviorism
Definition
-All learning is a response to stimulus (imiation, modelling, repetition, reinforcement)
-Audiolingual method
Term
Audiolingual method
Definition
-Taught students oral proficiency in a 2L
-Based on phonetic comparison
-Behaviorist
Term
Tenets of innatism
Definition
-Universal grammar
-Monitor model
Term
Universal grammar
Definition
-We all have a biological structure in the brain that allows us to comprehend grammar
-ex. Teacher gives input & relies on students' natural ability to figure it out
Term
Tenets of sociocultural perspective
Definition
-Language won't be developed w/o a social need
-Being motivated to communicate for a given purpose is at the heart of LL
Term
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Definition
Implies that a child's development is determined by social interaction & collaboration
Term
i+1
Definition
-The formula for optimal learning, where "i" represents current level of knowledge and "+1" represents a stretching of input
-Provides learning w/ support
Term
Difference between ZPD & i+1
Definition
-ZPD represents an ideal location where a child can most effectively learn
-i+1 represents input that most effectively teaches a child
Term
How is language learning systematic?
Definition
-Learning order is present across languages (babble, syllables, one-word objects, etc.)
-2L also acquired in a natural order (statements before questions; positives before negatives)
Term
How is L1 and L2 acquisition similar?
Definition
-Natural order
-Need to learn vocabulary
-Mimicry
-Overgeneralization of rules
Term
How are L1 & L2 acquisition different?
Definition
-L1 is acquired, L2 is learned
-L1 is younger age, L2 older
-L1 comprehensible input, L2 not always there
-L1 no language sructure in place yet, L2 lang. structure already in place
Term
How is language learning variable?
Definition
-Vocab is learned depending upon exposure
-When language is taught, it does not mirror order of acquisition
-Final goal (communicative competence) depends on learner's desires
-Differences between 1st & 2nd language learning regarding cognitive maturity
Term
Language development stages
Definition
-Pre-production
-Early production
-Speech emergence
-Intermediate fluency
Term
Pre-production behaviors
Definition
-Points to or provides other non-verbal responses
-Actively listens
-Responds to commands
-May be reluctant to speak
-Understands more than can produce
Term
Early production behaviors
Definition
-One or two word utterances
-Short phrases
Term
Speech emergence behaviors
Definition
-Participates in small group activities
-Demonstrates comprehenstion in a variety of ways
-Speaks in short phrases and sentences
-Begins to use language more freely
Term
Intermediate fluency behaviors
Definition
-Participates in reading and writing activities to acquire new information
-May experience difficulties in abstract, cognitively demanding subjects at school, especially when a high degree of literacy is required
Term
What is difficult about English for ELLs?
Definition
-Vowels in English are relatively large in terms of differences
-Some consonant clusters might be difficult
-Different perceptual units when reading (English-letters/Japanese-syllables)
-Very complex spelling system w/ a lot of exceptions
Term
Pedagogical grammarian
Definition
One who uses knowledge of grammar to teach (teaching the rules of grammar)
Term
Descriptive grammarian
Definition
The description of the rules of grammar w/ a neutral POV
Term
Prescriptive grammarian
Definition
The suggestion of rules for grammar
Term
Critical period hypothesis
Definition
Concept that animals acquire certain knowledges & skills in a genetically programmed sequence
Term
Child-directed speech
Definition
Patterns of speech that mothers employ when speaking to their children
Term
Connectionism
Definition
Language acquisition is built through links between words/phrases & he environments/situations they occur in
Term
Subtractive bilingualism
Definition
-The loss of one language on the way to learning another (children of immigrants)
-Solution: additive bilingualism (maintaining original)
Term
Foreigner talk/Teacher talk
Definition
Adjusted syle of speech directed at 2LL
Term
Contrastive analysis hypothesis
Definition
Incorrect behaviorist model states if similar language to 1st is learned, difficulties will be in differences
Term
Innatist perspective on 2LL
Definition
UG plays some sort of role in lang. dev. as simple input is not enough
Term
Krashen's monitor model
Definition
-Acquisition
-Monitor hypothesis
-Natural order hypothesis
-Input hypothesis
-Affective filter hypothesis
Term
Krashen's model--Monitor hypothesis
Definition
learned language has a monitor to refine output, which only works when speaker has plenty of time
Term
Krashen's model--Natural order hypothesis
Definition
2LL unfolds in predictable order
Term
Krashen's model--Input hypothesis
Definition
i+1 is best
Term
Krashen's model--Affective filter hypothesis
Definition
Feelings/stress that block lang. dev. even when input is ideal
Term
Restructuring
Definition
A sudden "pulling together" of knowledge to appear to demonstrate a sudden burst of proficiency
Term
Noticing hypothesis
Definition
Nothing is learned unless it is noticed
Term
Two views of reading
Definition
-Word recognition
-Sociolinguistic
Term
Word recognition view of reading
Definition
Main task of reading is identifying words
Term
Sociolinguistic view of reading
Definition
readers use background knowledge & cues to make sense of texts
Term
Two views of writing
Definition
-Traditional
-Process
Term
Traditional view of writing
Definition
Emphasis on final result--is it correct?
Term
Process view of writing
Definition
-Emphasis on act of writing itself
-Correctness comes later
Term
Critical period hypothesis
Definition
-Language is best learned before a certain age (neuro, cognitive, & affective factors)
Term
Critical period hypothesis--neurological factor
Definition
Lateralization (specialization) of brain
Term
Critical period hypothesis--Cognitive factor
Definition
When more abstract thought is possible, acquisition becomes harder
Term
Critical period hypothesis--Affective factors
Definition
-Nervousness
-Language ego
Term
Using the monitor--requirements
Definition
-Performer must have enough time
-Must be thinking about correctness/form
-Must know the necessary rule(s)
Term
Phonology
Definition
Study of sounds used by speakers of a language
Term
Phonemes vs. phonics
Definition
Phonemes change the meanings of words; phonics do not
Term
Graphophonic cues
Definition
A combination of visual & aural cues that readers use to construct meaning from written texts
Term
Phonological awareness
Definition
Ability to distinguish larger units of speech such as words & syllables
Term
Phonemic awareness
Definition
Ability to identify phonemes in a word & manipulate them by adding, deleting, or substituting phonemes
Term
Allophones
Definition
Variations of a phoneme that do not change meaning
Term
Phonotactics
Definition
Deals w/ restrictions of permissible combinations of phonemes
Term
Phonics methods--synthetic
Definition
Convert letters to sounds and blend sounds to form words
Term
Phonics methods--analytic
Definition
Analyze letter-sound correspondences in known words
Term
Phonics methods--Analogy-based
Definition
Use knowledge of word families to pronounce new words
Term
Phonics methods--Spelling
Definition
Segment words into phonemes and then write words with the sounds
Term
Phonics methods--Embedded
Definition
Learn letter-sound correspondences in the process of reading
Term
Phonics methods--Onset-rime
Definition
Connecs sounds of onsets and rimes to the letters used to spell them
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