Term
| List and describe the two categories that standards can be classified in to. |
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Definition
1)Norm-referenced - evaluation decision based on comparisons to others (gender, age, class, etc..)
2)Criterion-referenced - comparison to standard such as pass/fail |
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Term
| List and describe the two types of data that you can have. |
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Definition
1) Continuous - all values are theoretically possible
2) Discrete - one value, one point; nonchanging. |
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Term
| List and describe the four scales of measurement. |
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Definition
1)Nominal - name only (categorical) (Gender race, affiliation, Class) "Yes or No" "Oprah or Sports Center"
2)Ordinal - ranking; order of finish. (ranking on test - highest, 2nd, 3rd, etc...)(tallest, second tallest, 3rd tallest, etc..)
3)Interval - common unit of measurement (1 unit = 1 unit no matter where on the scale) - no true 0. Generally a measure of 0 implies that nothing measured or there was no change.
4)Ratio - common unit of measurement - has true 0 |
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Term
| We generally do not calculate statistics on _______ data, although it is done sometimes. Used only to group individuals or to count the number of occurrences. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the problem with ordinal data? |
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Definition
| Order does not tell the whole story. |
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Term
| What is the central tendency? |
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Definition
| The summary number around which all other scores tend to cluster |
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Term
| List and describe what the three measures of central tendency are. |
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Definition
1) Mean - the average
2) Median - the middle most score
3) Mode - score which appears most often |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| List and describe what the three measures of variability are. |
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Definition
1)Range - (highest values - lowest value) - doesn't consider everything in between
2)Variance - (∑(x-mean)^2) / (N - 1)
3)Standard Deviation - a measure of the spread of a set of values from the mean value. (sqrt(∑(x-mean)^2)) / (N - 1) |
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Term
| What is the Z score? Equation? |
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Definition
The number of standard deviation units that a person is above or below the mean.
Equation: (x - mean) / (standard deviation) where x = raw score |
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Term
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Definition
Addresses the strength of relationship between two variables (example: height and weight)
"0" = no relationship
"+1) = perfect + correlation
"-1" = perfect - correlation |
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Term
| Correlation does not tell _________. For instance, just because you gain weight doesn't mean you get taller. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the coefficient of determination (r^2)? |
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Definition
The amount of variability in one variable that can be explained by another
y=mx+b |
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Term
| What is the standard error of the estimate? |
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Definition
| Determines if your predicted equation is worth anything. Just like a standard deviation. The smaller the error, the better the equation is. |
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Term
| What is the best way to measure central tendency? |
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Definition
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Term
| For the 68-95-99.7 rule, how many standard deviations are each from the mean? |
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Definition
68% = within 1 standard deviation
95% = within 2 standard deviations
99.7% = within 3 standard deviations |
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