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ES 2020 Final
terms and formulas
36
Other
Undergraduate 4
12/05/2008

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Term
Inferential Statistics
Definition
when tests are used to relate the characteristics of a small group (sample) to those of a larger group (population)
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
-uses inferential statistics for obtaining knowledge

- requires both the development of a hypothesis and an inferential stats test
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
statement of a presumed association b/t at least 2 variables in a population
Term
research hypothesis
Definition
what hte researcher actually believes will occur
Term
null hypothesis
Definition
statement that there is no relationship b/t variables

-This is what you use in inferential stats
Term
what is assumed about the relationship b/t variables?
Definition
that there is no relationship untill there is evidence to the contrary
Term
alternative hypothesis
Definition
a statement that there is a relationship
Term
alpha level
Definition
probability
Term
probability (alpha level) is established at?
Definition
A level that is considered significant
-this level is set at p<.05 to reject null hypothesis
Term
p<.05 means
Definition
that null hypothesis is rejected
- 95% of time same results are expected
Term
the probability of making an incorrect conclusion is the same as...
Definition
the alpha level (p<0.5)
Term
type 1 error:
Definition
to conclude there is a correlation or difference b/t two variables when there is not
Term
type 2 error:
Definition
to conclude there is no relationship b/t variables when there is a true relationship
Term
independent varibles:
Definition
x, presumed cause, manipulated, predictor, antecedent
Term
Dependent varibles:
Definition
y, presumed effect, outcome, criterion, consequence
Term
Chi-square (X^2) test
Definition
determines if there is an association b/t two "nominally" scaled variables
Term
t-test
Definition
to examine the difference b/t two variables (w/ continuous interval or ratio type datea)
Term
t-tests for independent groups
Definition
groups not related in any way
Term
t-tests: dependent test for paired group
Definition
matched on some characteristics
Term
two types of t-tests:
Definition
independent and dependent test for paired groups
Term
ANOVA is
Definition
analysis of variance
-parametric statistic for continuous interval or ratio type data
- used to determine if sig differences exist among means from 3 or more sets of data
Term
F-ratio
Definition
compares variability among group means(b/t group) w/ the variability of scores w/in groups

= avg. var. b/t group / avg. var. w/in groups
Term
why not perform mult t-tests to determine diff b/t means?
Definition
alpha lever becomes inflated w/ mult t-tests on samples taken from same population
-greater chance of making type 1 error
Term
single t-test's findings are compared to...
Definition
the probability of chance
Term
with multiple t-tests conducted on samples randomly drawn from the same population...
Definition
the odds of finding the one deviant conclusion that would occur by chance alone increase
Term
ANOVA eliminates what and how?
Definition
What? familywise error rate

how? by making all possible comparisons among the means in a single test
Term
when mult t-tests are made on samples from same population what must happen to alpha level?
Definition
the alpha level must be adjusted
Term
Bonferroni adjustment
Definition
-divide the single test alhpa level by the number of t-tests to be performed

Ex: for 5 t-tests to be made at p<.05 then .05/5 =.01. This doesn't reject Hypothesus because its not lower than p<.01
Term
t-test bases info on ____ groups only
ANOVA employs ___________ on all groups ______
Definition
2.

-all information, simultaneously
Term
when a sig F-ratio is found than additional what must be performed?
Definition
post hoc (after the fact)
Term
ANOVA (one-way) each participant has scores on two variables:
Definition
-a factor (independent variable) and a dependent variable
Term
the factor(independent variable) divides individuals into....
Definition
two or more groups or levels
Term
dependent variable differentiats individuals on what?
Definition
quantitative dimension
Term
ANOVA (two-way) how many scores does participant have?
Definition
3 variables: two factors and a dependent variable
Term
factor divides cases into....1
dependent variable defines cases on 2)
Definition
1) two or more levels
2) a quantitative dimension
Term
higher way ANOVA's have more than two factors in design:
Definition
1) each participant must have scores on at least 4 variables (3 or more factors and a dependent variable)

2) F-tests are performed on multiple effects
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