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ERWIN- Psyc 2070
Development of the Life-Span Final
271
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/04/2012

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Cards

Term
Jean Piaget claimed that children between the ages of 2 and 7 years are in a state called preoperational thought, so named because he believed that
Definition
children at this age do not yet use mental operations in their thought.
Term
According to the textbook, many deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by
Definition
reducing poverty and improving nutrition, sanitation, education, and health services.
Term
An overwhelming worldwide health concern in the last decade has been death as a result of
Definition
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Term
During early childhood, on average, girls are ______ than boys.
Definition
slightly smaller.
Term
Six-year-old Tracy was a witness to a robbery and has been asked to testify at trial. The defense will argue that her testimony is invalid because
Definition
her memories are highly susceptible to suggestion.
Term
Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to be
Definition
child-centered.
Term
Between ages 3 and 6 years, which part of the brain grows the fastest?
Definition
the frontal lobe
Term
Lev Vygotsky DIFFERS from Jean Piaget in how he stresses the relative importance of _______ for cognitive development.
Definition
other people
Term
Vygotsky believed that children who frequently use private speech are
Definition
more socially competent.
Term
Her pediatrician has just told Karly that her 4-year-old son, Manuel, has gained 6 pounds in the last year. Karly should
Definition
understand that this is normal.
Term
The kindergarten director says, "We believe that there is a specific set of skills children need to do well in first grade, and we make sure the children learn those skills in our kindergarten. We spend as little time as possible on social and physical things and concentrate on teaching them the facts. If children aren't keeping up, we provide them with extra opportunities to practice until they learn the material." This kindergarten program is
Definition
non child-centered.
Term
Melinda smokes cigarettes during pregnancy. Because of her smoking, we would expect her child, when preschool age, to
Definition
be slightly shorter in height than if Melinda had not smoked.
Term
In general, critics of contemporary kindergartens believe that many kindergartens place
Definition
too much emphasis on achievement.
Term
Which of the following describes what Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language?
Definition
Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
Term
What is morphology?
Definition
the meaningfulness of words
Term
Researchers believe that after the age of 6 or 7 years, children become more reflective and less impulsive in their thinking, because they learn to pay less attention to what is _____ and more attention to what is _____.
Definition
salient; relevant
Term
As children move through the zone of proximal development (ZPD), they
Definition
take the responsibility of the task they are learning from the adult who is helping them.
Term
Howie and his little sister, Stephie, are each given one large cookie. The mother breaks Stephie's cookie into 4 pieces to help her eat it more easily. Howie immediately begins to cry and says that it isn't fair for Stephie to get so many cookies when he only has one. Howie is showing a lack of
Definition
conservation.
Term
In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement
Definition
are irrelevant for the total movement.
Term
Three-year-olds scribble all over the page, but 4-year-olds can make more precise drawings that adults can understand. This is because 4-year-olds have more highly developed
Definition
fine motor skills.
Term
For Piaget, failing a conservation task indicates that the child is
Definition
evidencing centration.
Term
Which of the following emotions are NOT in the same "category" as the other three?
Definition
fear
Term
Piaget's approach to studying morality focuses on _____, whereas the behavioral approach focuses on _________.
Definition
moral reasoning; moral behavior
Term
According to Erikson, what is the "great governor" of initiative?
Definition
conscience
Term
Compared to working class parents, upper-middle-class parents are more likely to
Definition
emphasize delaying gratification.
Term
In general terms, the preschool child's understanding of self is
Definition
concrete
Term
A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is an
Definition
authoritarian parent
Term
How does maternal employment outside of the home affect children?
Definition
None of these
Term
A cognitive structure that consists of a network of associations that guides and organizes an individual's perception is called a
Definition
schema.
Term
According to Erikson, the psychological stage that characterizes early childhood is
Definition
initiative versus guilt
Term
As Maria and Salvatore grow up, who is more likely to treat them differently because of their sex?
Definition
both their father and their mother to an equal extent.
Term
Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single parent families?
Definition
United States
Term
Young children tend to believe that when a rule is broken, punishment will follow inevitably. This is referred to as belief in
Definition
imminent justice.
Term
The development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people is called
Definition
moral development
Term
A parent who denies, ignores, or tries to change the negative emotions of their children would be called an
Definition
emotion-dismissing parent.
Term
Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made of
Definition
the same sex
Term
The social role theory of gender differences suggests that
Definition
inequities in the distribution of power and access to resources are the primary cause of psychological and behavioral gender differences between men and women.
Term
The _____ theory of gender holds that gender development is governed by a child's attraction to his or her opposite-sex parent.
Definition
psychoanalytic
Term
Which of the following parenting styles has low demands and high responsiveness?
Definition
indulgent
Term
Ben brought home his report card and placed it on the tv. Ben told his dad that he was required to bring the card back to school tomorrow with a signature. Ben's dad told him to move out of the way because he couldn't see the TV. The next morning, Ben found his report card where he left it, unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Ben's dad is most likely a
Definition
neglectful parent.
Term
When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting
Definition
empathy.
Term
Listening carefully, identifying and formulating questions, and organizing thoughts are all part of
Definition
critical thinking
Term
Paul has an IQ of 68. He lives in his own apartment and supports himself with a job. He has many friends, goes bowling, and eats out frequently. he has no difficulty adapting to everyday life. According to the definition of mental retardation, Paul is
Definition
mildly retarded.
Term
Recent research suggests that ______ is the most effective treatment of ADHD.
Definition
a combination of medication and behavior management
Term
The concept of intelligence has proven to be so difficult to define because it is
Definition
a complex concept that includes many different aspects.
Term
Sally's mental age is 12, but her chronological age is 9. Sally's IQ is
Definition
133.
Term
On average, children grow ____ inches per year during middle and late childhood.
Definition
2 to 3
Term
Organic retardation is caused by 
Definition
physical damage to brain tissues.
Term
Children who eat dinner with their families are more likely to
Definition
eat more vegetables and drink fewer sodas.
Term
What percentage of children who are obese at age 12 also will be obese as adults?
Definition
75%
Term
The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems is called
Definition
creativity.
Term
ADHD is a type of
Definition
learning disability
Term
Standardized testing in schools typically measures _______ thinking.
Definition
convergent
Term
Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes all of the following EXCEPT
Definition
verbal intelligence.
Term
Which of the following is the MOST appropriate use of intelligence test results?
Definition
They should be considered one aspect of a person's whole range of talents.
Term
_____ is characterized by severe impairments in reading and spelling ability.
Definition
Dyslexia
Term
To understand how a family tree showing relationships among relatives works, children must be able to use the skill of
Definition
classification.
Term
Although Casey has scored poorly on standardized intelligence tests, he has street smarts. According to Sternberg, he has _____ intelligence.
Definition
practical
Term
Cancer is the _______ leading cause of death in children.
Definition
second
Term
What type of cancer is most prevalent in children?
Definition
Leukemia
Term
Compared to girls, boys are ___ times more likely to be classified as having a learning disability.
Definition
3
Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of concrete operational thought?
Definition
the ability to think abstractly.
Term
On average, children gain ___ pounds per year during middle and late childhood.
Definition
5 to 7
Term
Sternberg's triarchic theory and Gardner's theory of intelligence are examples of the idea that
Definition
intelligence consists of a number of specific abilities. 
Term
The Individual with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that students with disabilities receive
Definition
an individuated education plan (IEP)
Term
A gifted child has an IQ of _____ or higher.
Definition
130
Term

Jack is cutting up a pizza for himself and his brother Craig. He starts to cut it into 8 pieces, but Craig says "Don't cut it into so many pieces, I can't eat that many." Jack laughs but obeys.

Craig's reactions characterize __________ thought, and Jack's reactions characterize _________ thought.

Definition
preoperational; concrete operational
Term
Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual's life?
Definition
self-concept
Term
Jeff is independent, flexible, cheerful, friendly, assertive, tactful, comfortable with making decisions, sensitive to the feelings of others, and sympathetic. Jeff can best be described as
Definition
androgynous
Term
Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called
Definition
industry versus inferiority
Term
Which of the following would probably be the MOST developmentally appropriate type of discipline tactic for an 11 year old?
Definition
discussion
Term
A person is arrested for stealing company documents and says "Yes, I did steal the documents and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the company was engaging in a cover-up of the unsafe properties of its chemical. I think the public has a right to know about it." Kohlberg would classify this as _________ morality.
Definition
postconventional
Term
Children have the highest self-esteem when
Definition
they perform competently on a task they care about.
Term
Traditional masculine and feminine gender roles are _________, whereas androgyny is _________.
Definition
unidimensional, bidimensional
Term
Kohlberg studied moral development by
Definition
classifying children's solutions to difficult moral problems.
Term
Boys are more ________ aggressive, whereas girls are more ___________ aggressive.
Definition
physically; verbally
Term
Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that
Definition
girls engage in more prosocial behavior.
Term
Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Definition
It's not what one thinks, but what one does that is the most important for morality.
Term
The "three to six o'clock problem" refers to the
Definition
social and behavioral consequences of leaving children home alone after school.
Term
During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following, EXCEPT
Definition
physical characteristics
Term
According to Kohlberg, moral development proceeds from
Definition
external control to internal control
Term
Which of the following is an example of improving a child's self-esteem through achievement?
Definition
teaching a child a new skill
Term
How would an 8 year old child MOST likely describe himself or herself?
Definition
"I am nice, and I have a friend named Julie."
Term
Bianca is a "bully" and no one likes to play with her. Bianca's sociometric status is PROBABLY
Definition
rejected.
Term
__________ children often have more psychosocial difficulties later in life than _________ children.
Definition
Rejected; neglected
Term
Self-esteem is to ______ self-evaluation as self-concept is to _______ self-evaluation.
Definition
global; domain-specific
Term
Training programs for children rejected by their peers focus on
Definition
improving the children's attention-seeking and communication skills.
Term
More than 80% of the respondents to a survey said that buying a stolen TV set is morally wrong. Yet 50% admitted they would by a stolen set if guaranteed they would not be caught. These data indicate
Definition
that for many people, moral belief does not predict moral behavior.
Term
Julio cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. According to Erikson, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of
Definition
inferiority 
Term
In several studies, a positive correlation was found between boys who were both rejected by their peers and aggressive in elementary school and __________ when they were adolescents and young adults.
Definition
increased levels of delinquency
Term
SHORT ANSWER: List 5 physical changes in middle and late adulthood.
Definition

Thinning/Graying hair

Menopause

Wrinkles

Loss of eye-sight

Brittle fingernails

Weight gain

Loss of smell

More fat, less muscle

Term
SHORT ANSWER: What do you have to look at when you make decisions in early adulthood that would affect you in middle and late adulthood. What you do when you're young sets the stage for how you will be when you're an adult. Example and follow up.
Definition

Going to college: deciding to go will increase your chances of getting a higher paying job. Not going decreases this.

Healthy eating habits: Eating habits are est early in life. If you don't have good ones when you're younger, it's harder to eat better later.

Term
SHORT ANSWER: 3 main issues in life-span development. understand both sides of the debate.
Definition

1. Nature/Nurture: how much of who we are is determined by genetics or environment.

2. Continuity/ Discontinuity: Discontinuity- we develop in distinct levels. Stairs. Continuity- we get better at processing things, straight line.

3. Stability/Change: Stability- once we get through early developmental periods, we'll be stable. Change- we can still change into adulthood.

Term
SHORT ANSWER: Age (Chronological, Social, Psychological, Biological). Give definitions, explain how they're congruent.
Definition

Chronological: years elapsed since birth

Social: age in terms of society's roles/expectations

Psychological: adaptive capacity compared with others in chronological age (maturity)

Biological: health

 

Biological/Chronological: Smoking at a young age would make you age faster biologically than someone with your same chronological age

Psychological/Chronological: Irresponsibility/ Lack of life experiences may make someone seem mentally younger than their chrono age. Also mental retardation.

Term
Development
Definition
the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span.
Term
Characteristics of development
Definition

Multidimensional (physical, cognitive, socio-emotional)

Multidirectional (some things increase as others decrease)

Multidisciplinary (Many fields contribute to knowledge)

Plasticity (capacity for change)

Contextual (everything happens in context)

Term
Contextually graded
Definition

Normative age-graded: happen to everyone at certain ages

Normative history-graded: happen to cohorts because they live during the same time

Non-normative: specific events that happen to an individual

Term

Life expectancy vs Life span

Which one changes?

Definition

Life expectancy: how long you can expect to live based on the year you were born (78 now. Women live longer)

 

Life Span: how long a species can live under ideal circumstances (120-125. Stayed the same)

Term
Kuhler-Ross' 5 stages of dying
Definition

Denial: It can't be me

Anger: Why me?!

Bargaining: Just let me do this one thing.

Depression: Withdrawal, crying

Acceptance: Sense of peace

Term
Which part of the brain shuts down first?
Definition
Higher cortex, then lower.
Term

Chronic disorders

(definition and examples)

Definition

have slow onset and long duration.

Emphysema, Arthritis, Heart disease

Term
When is a person considered brain dead?
Definition
When all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specific period of time.
Term

Erikson's 8 stages

(name of stage and age)

Definition

Trust vs Mistrust // Infancy- First year

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt // Infancy- 1-3 years

Initiative vs Guilt // Early Childhood- 3-5 years

Industry vs Inferiority // Middle, Late childhood 6-Puberty

Identity vs Identity confusion // Adolescence- 10-20 years

Intimacy vs Isolation // Early Adulthood- 20s, 30s

Generativity vs Stagnation // Middle Adulthood- 40s, 50s

Integrity vs Despair // Late Adulthood- 60s+

Term
Emerging adulthood
Definition
18-25. Idea that going into adulthood is a process, not an event. Doesn't happen overnight, but is a long drawn out process.
Term
Cohort and Cohort Effects
Definition

Cohort: group of people born around the same time

 

Cohort effects: experience the same history-graded things because of time period.

Term
Advanced directives/ Living will
Definition
documents that allow you to announce your wishes. You don't have to be terminally ill to write one.
Term

Leading causes of death from the whole life span

(top 2 from each developmental period)

Definition

Prenatal death- miscarriage

Infancy- SIDS

Childhood- accidents or illness

Adolescent/ Young adulthood- suicide, homicide, auto accidents

Middle/Late adulthood- chronic diseases, cancer

Term
Harder to tell someone is dying because
Definition

Medicine improvements have changed the concept of death.

Keep people alive on life support.

Term
2 kinds of Euthanasia
Definition

Passive: withdrawing something from a person's situation to cause death. (Pulling plug/feeding tube)

Active: adding something to a person's situation to cause death. (Suffocation)

Term
Euthanasia
Definition
act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability.
Term
Hospice
Definition
a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. Makes every effort to include the dying patient's family members. Includes home-based programs today, supplemented with care for medical needs and staff.
Term
Palliative care
Definition
reducing pain and suffering, helping individuals die with dignity. Education and support for the family even after the person passes.
Term

Care vs. Cure

Which one does hospice focus on?

Definition

Care: hospice approach. Spends time making you comfortable during your time left.

Cure: doctor approach. Doing everything they can to keep you alive for as long as possible.

Term
3 major changes in cognition and brain development in adolescence
Definition

1. Amygdala develops: processing information about emotions

2. Corpus coloseum thickens and grows stronger: improves adolescents' ability to process information; complex thinking

3. Frontal lobe develops: thinking and decision making

Term
Adolescence egocentrism (2 parts)
Definition

heightened self-consciousness of adolescents

1. Imaginary audience: adolescents' belief that others are as interest in them as they are of themselves

2. Personal fable: involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility

Term
Prolonged grief
Definition
grief lasting from 6 months to 2 years
Term
Disfranchised grief
Definition
can't outwardly express grief because of a certain situation (mistress, etc)
Term
Ambiguous loss
Definition
not having a body
Term
Sexual orientation- What causes us to be gay or straight?
Definition

-Hormones during prenatal development

-Roles we're socialized into

-Genetic component (environment, genetics)

It's still unsure though.

Term
2 Views of adolescence
Definition

Old model: Idea that adolescence is the most important stage of development. Storm and stress model.

New model: much more positive.

Term
Eclectic theory
Definition
takes the best parts of all of the other theories and combines them. No theory can completely explain everything about development.
Term
Midlife crisis
Definition

Early research: common; based on age

New research: not common; happens because of stress not age. May affect one dimension of life but not all.

Term
Cross-sectional research
Definition

looking at people in a certain age group and comparing them to people in other age groups, all at the same time.

- Disadvantages: find age related differences but not changes

-Advantages: costs less, faster results

Term
Social clock
Definition

time period in which you're supposed to have things done according to society, for your certain age.

-Has changed over time

-More flexible now than 50 years ago

Term
Longitudinal
Definition

looking at the same people over time

- Disadvantage: long time to get results

-Advantage: figures out age-related changes

Term
Physical gains in height and weight over the lifespan
Definition

Adolescence/Early adulthood: height up, weight up

Middle adulthood: height down, weight up

Late adulthood: height down, weight down

Term
Contemporary life event approach
Definition

looks at current life events/experiences and mediating factors. Development based on your events, not age.

- Widowed: same experiences as other widows

-Mediating factors: being widowed at an old age; length of time married

Term
Biological Theories of Aging
Definition

1. Free Radical Theory: byproduct of metabolism; trap your antioxidants

2. Cellular clock theory: cells are programmed to divide only a certain number of times

3. Hormonal stress theory: aging lowers resistance to stress and increase likelihood of disease

4. Mitochondrial theory: aging due to decay of mitochondria

Term
Benefits of physical exercise in late adulthood
Definition

Increased cognitive function/stimulation

Physical benefits

Releases stress (mental health)

Can slow down age-related processes

Term
Social theories of aging
Definition

Activity Theory: the more active and involved older adults are, the more they'll be satisfied

Disengagement: pull out of your old habits- not a good theory today

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: older adults become more selective about their social networks, spend more time with those in rewarding relationships

Term
Knowledge-related vs Emotional goals
Definition

Knowledge-related: when time is perceived as open ended

Emotional: happen when it is perceived that less time is left

Term
Sandwich "squeeze" generation
Definition
adults in middle adulthood are forced to have to take on the responsibilities of their own parents as well as their children.
Term
Anorexic people use food as a means of
Definition
control
Term
It is difficult to know exactly when puberty begins and ends because
Definition
it is a gradual process involving multiple distinguishing events.
Term
Juanita, a 15 year old high school student, is afraid to go to school because of a small pimple on her forehead. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?
Definition
Imaginary audience
Term
________ is the dominant hormone in males, whereas _________ is the dominant hormone in females.
Definition
Testosterone; estradiol
Term
In the US, an adolescent is most likely to die from
Definition
an accident
Term
Ms. Chang is trying to prepare her health-class students for the onset of puberty. What should she tell the boys that they are likely to experience FIRST?
Definition
increased penis size.
Term
Research indicates that Sexually Transmitted Infections can be contracted through
Definition
genital-genital contact, oral-genital contact, and anal-genital contact.
Term
The period of biological change that takes place during early adolescence is called
Definition
puberty
Term
Anorexia and bulimia affect
Definition
women more than men
Term
Jordan has a passion for food that leads her to gorge. However, after she gorges, she "compensates" by running as many as 10 miles and sometimes making herself vomit. She most likely has
Definition
bulimia nervosa
Term
Which of the following contraceptives DO provide protection against STIs?
Definition
condom
Term
The ability to plan, set priorities, suppress impulses, and weigh consequences is weak in adolescence because the _________ is the last part to mature.
Definition
prefrontal cortex
Term
Anorexia nervosa is
Definition
an eating disorder that can result in death by starvation
Term
Jackie's doctor is concerned that she is losing too much weight. However, Jackie thinks her legs are "too fat" and continues dieting. Jackie is at risk for developing
Definition
anorexia nervosa
Term
Adolescents tend to respond with "gut" reactions to emotional stimuli, while adults are more likely to respond rationally. This may be because
Definition
adults have a more completely developed frontal lobe.
Term
Samantha is currently living in the US. She was 14 1/2 years old when she experienced menarche. Samantha is
Definition
older than the average age for menarche in the US
Term
The hormone that is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development is
Definition
estradiol
Term
During adolescence, boys have an increase in _________, whereas girls have an increase in ___________.
Definition
muscle cells; fat cells
Term
Ms. Chang is trying to prepare her health class students for the onset of puberty. What should she tell the girls that tehy are likely to experience FIRST?
Definition
growth of pubic hair
Term
The second leading cause of deaths for American adolescents is
Definition
homocide
Term
The growth spurt that characterizes pubertal change occurs ____ for girls than for boys and begins at around age _____ for girls.
Definition
earlier; 9
Term
Personal fable and imaginary audience are parts of adolescent
Definition
egocentrism
Term
Why do males have higher rates of suicide than females?
Definition
They use more lethal means than do females.
Term
Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because adolescents
Definition
want autonomy, whereas parents want control
Term
Steve and Jen believe they should make certain that their adolescent knows the right choices to make, and they use harsh punishment when their directives are not followed. This pattern is likely to promote ______ in their adolescent
Definition
identity foreclosure
Term
Identity ______ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis, and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.
Definition
moratorium
Term
Anorexia nervosa is caused by
Definition
a complex interaction between biological and environmental factors
Term
The difference between a clique and a crowd is
Definition
size
Term
Which of the following would likely be said by a parent who is enabling adolescent identity development
Definition
"I know that you feel you don't have any other options, but I disagree with what you are considering. I'd like for us to discuss this in more detail"
Term
One benefit of adolescent-parent conflict is that is
Definition
helps adolescents become more autonomous
Term
Research shows that the adolescents who deal best with separation from from parents are the ones who have attachment to their parents
Definition
secure
Term
As children get older, their groupings tend to become more
Definition
diverse
Term
According to Erikson, the adolescent identity crisis is
Definition
a natural and healthy part of development.
Term
Cooper and Grotevant (1989) believe that proper identity development occurs when parents encourage ______ in adolescents.
Definition
both individuality and connectedness
Term
According to Marcia, the term ________ refers to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do.
Definition
commitment
Term
An adolescent who is experimenting with different vocational possibilities is experiencing what Marcia calls
Definition
identity crisis
Term
Parents who are _____ active in their teen's life have ________ conflicts with them.
Definition
more; fewer
Term
Which of the following would wise parents do as their adolescent children push for control?
Definition
Let their children control areas of their lives that they understand.
Term
Harrison has thought for a long time about his future plans. He considered going to a technical college, but also considered the value of getting a liberal arts degree from a 4 year college. The decision caused Harrison a log of anxiety. Finally, he decided to attend the technical college. He still wonders if his choice was correct. According to Marcia, Harrison is in a state of
Definition
identity moratorium
Term
Although the period of adolescence is no longer considered a time of _____, it does normally involve emotional highs and lows in most adolescents.
Definition
storm and stress
Term
Unlike with Erikson's traditional view of identity formation, contemporary theorists believe that identity is formed by
Definition
a gradual process of discovery and development that continues through adulthood.
Term
Researchers believe that adolescents who develop the most positive sense of identity are ones who
Definition
follow the MAMA cycle of identity.
Term
Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll into his state college. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and will probably do what they advise. According to Marcia, accepting his parents' advise puts Ramon into 
Definition
identity foreclosure.
Term
Martha's daughter asked her for advice about her future. Her mother explains that any decisions made now aren't permanent and her daughter will continue to reevaluate her decisions for the rest of her life. Her daughter is relieved that she doesn't need to decide "everything" right now, but is uncomfortable knowing these decisions will continue to come up in the future. Martha is trying to help her daughter understand that true identity development
Definition
occurs in a MAMA cycle.
Term
Which of the following groups may be effected by stereotype threat?
Definition

Athletes, Older adults, Minorities

(All)

Term
Recent research exploring the biological bases of homosexuality has found that
Definition
exposure of the fetus to hormone levels characteristic of females might cause an individual to become attracted to males.
Term
Peak physical performance is typically reached
Definition
in early adulthood.
Term
Jeffrey Arnett has termed the age range from 19-25
Definition
emerging adulthood
Term
Sexual harassment is
Definition
a manifestation of power and domination of one person over another
Term
The most common of all sexually transmitted infections is
Definition
genital herpes
Term
The most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood in the US is
Definition
getting a full-time job
Term
When an individual reaches age 30, he or she for the first time may experience
Definition
sagging chin and protruding abdomen
Term
The development of homosexuality is a complex process. It probably involves all of these factors EXCEPT
Definition
parental sexual orientation factor
Term
How well do college students use their knowledge about health?
Definition
Although most of them know what it takes to be healthy, most do not apply it.
Term
While research shows that adults regularly ______ to control weight, experts recommend _____ for mored effective weight and health management.
Definition
diet; exercise
Term
Which of the following is NOT typically characteristic of women's friendships?
Definition
desire for practical solutions to their problems
Term
Consensual validation
Definition
support for one's attitudes and behavior through another person's similar attitudes and behaviors
Term
Erikson believed the primary crisis of the early adult years is
Definition
intimacy vs isolation
Term
_______ talk is a more common communication strategy among women, whereas men tend tend to prefer _______ talk.
Definition
Rapport; report
Term
Ron Levant argues that men should reconstruct masculinity in WHICH ONE of the following ways?
Definition
attempt to become more emotionally intelligent
Term
College students identified their closest relationship as being with
Definition
a romantic partner
Term
Richard and Jamie's only real attraction toward each other is sexual. Sternberg's research would argue that they are
Definition
experiencing infatuation
Term
What is not a typical characteristic of men's friendships?
Definition
self-disclosure
Term
In a cross-cultural study of marriage around the world, Buss and colleagues found that chastity is considered to be a very important factor in
Definition
China.
Term
According to Thomas and Chess, well-adjusted young adults likely had an
Definition
easy temperament as a 3-5 year old
Term
Most divorces occur in the ___________ years of marriage.
Definition
5th -10th
Term
A typical person between 40 and 59 is going to have the most difficulty
Definition
reading the newspaper
Term
An increasing problem in middle and late adulthood is ____________.
Definition
metabolic disorder
Term
Leisure is particularly important during middle adulthood because it
Definition
eases the transition from work to retirement.
Term
Memory decline is more likely to occur when individuals
Definition
do not use effective memory strategies
Term
Considering normal aging processes, whose blood pressure would be expected to be highest?
Definition
Sally, a 60 year old who is postmenopausal.
Term
Freud and Jung studied midlife transitions around 1900. When comparing their work to that of today's theorists, we see that the boundaries of middle age have ______________.
Definition
moved upward to higher ages
Term
According to John Horn, in middle age,
Definition
crystallized intelligence increases, whereas fluid intelligence begins to decline.
Term
Willis and Schaie found encouraging results for middle-aged people in terms of their intellectual abilities. In fact, ALL BUT WHICH ONE of these abilities peaked in middle adulthood?
Definition

Perceptual speed

 

(spatial orientation, vocabulary, and verbal memory all peaked)

Term
ALL BUT WHICH ONE of the following statements apply to visible signs of aging?
Definition
Fingernails and toenails becoming thinner.
Term
Brad and Tina have just gotten divorced; both are 55 years old. Which reason is Brad more likely than Tina is to cite as the cause of the divorce?
Definition
Falling out of love
Term
During the middle years,
Definition
affectionate and companionate love increases
Term
Hyun-Joo experiences great satisfaction through nurturing, guiding, and teaching skills to her children. Erikson's studies indicate that Hyun-Joo is dealing with
Definition
generativity vs stagnation
Term
The __________ emphasizes that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life even but also the mediating factors, individual's adaptation to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context.
Definition
contemporary life-events approach
Term
Which of the following statements regarding the midlife crisis is NOT true?
Definition
The most common trigger for a midlife crisis is working with attractive younger people.
Term
Neugarten's "social clock" is a
Definition
timetable that people construct for accomplishing life's tasks.
Term
The empty-nest syndrome predicts that parents experience decreased marital satisfaction when the children leave home. Research has found that
Definition
marital satisfaction actually increases.
Term
Middle-aged adults have been described as the sandwich generation because
Definition
they face the demands of caring for both their children and their elderly parents.
Term
Levinson's research found that a major conflict for a middle-aged man is
Definition
being young vs being old
Term
The Big Five Factors of personality include
Definition

Emotional stability

Extraversion

Openness

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness 

Term
A disorder of old age associated with calcium and vitamin D deficiencies, estrogen depletion, and lack of exercise is
Definition
osteoporosis
Term
Rosa's eyes have cloudy, opaque areas in the lens that prevent light from passing through, causing her to have blurred vision. Rosa's visual problem is
Definition
cataracts
Term
With improvements in medicine, nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle, our
Definition
life expectancy has increased.
Term
Elderly adult accident victims are likely to spend more time in the hospital than younger accident victims do because
Definition
healing rates are slower in older adults.
Term
Vitamin supplements called antioxidants may affect health by counteracting effects of
Definition
free radicals.
Term
People age because inside their cells, normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules that ricochet around the cells, thus damaging DNA and other cellular structures. This is the
Definition
free radical theory of aging.
Term
Researchers in the New England Centenarian study have found that the factor that contributes the most to living a long life is
Definition
the ability to cope effectively with stress.
Term
Elderly men are more likely to have _______ than elderly women are.
Definition
hearing problems
Term
The leading cause of death among the elderly is
Definition
heart disease.
Term
Research expanding Hayflick's cellular clock theory found that cells die because
Definition
the telomeres, or DNA sequences that cap the chromosomes, become shorter over time.
Term
Which statement regarding the decline in processing speed in older adults is FALSE?
Definition
It is associated with declines in social support.
Term
In the 1970s a deficiency of acetylcholine, which plays an important part in memory, was discovered to occur in
Definition
Alzheimer's disease
Term
Elder maltreatment is primarily perpetrated by
Definition
family members.
Term
When compared with younger adults, adults over the age of 65 receive
Definition
less than their share of psychological services.
Term
Regarding older workers and younger workers, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT
Definition
Older workers have more disabling injuries.
Term
A recent survey of baby boomers found that 80% of them plan to work during their retirement years. The MAIN reason they expect to continue working is
Definition
for interest of enjoyment
Term
Pablo is 80 years old and finds that when he has his Sunday dinner with his extended family of 15 people, he can't focus on one person's voice in all the noise. This is a fairly typical decline in
Definition
selective attention
Term
What percent of Alzheimer cases are classified as early-onset?
Definition
10%
Term
The cognitive declines that are linked to poor health in the elderly
Definition
are probably the result of lifestyle behaviors such as inactivity and stress.
Term
As we proceed into late adulthood, we can normally expect the least amount of decline in
Definition
episodic/semantic memory.
Term
In socioemotional selectivity theory, an older adult narrows his or her social circles
Definition
to have social partners who satisfy his or her emotional needs.
Term
Omar is an older retired adult. The fact that he maintains his interest in friendships, politics, and the stock market illustrates the ______ theory of aging.
Definition
activity
Term
Which of the following terms describes perceived control over the environment and the ability to produce positive outcomes?
Definition
self-efficacy
Term
Agatha is an aging actress. She can no longer do 8 shows a week, but continues to take parts in shows that play 4-5 times a week. Because her memory is not what it once was, she takes smaller parts with fewer lines to remember. She takes more comedy and "character" parts so she doesn't have to worry so much about seeming like a realistic person, as she knows ageism often prevents people from taking elderly actresses seriously. This is an example of ________ theory of aging.
Definition
selective optimization with compensation. 
Term
Erikson believed that the final life-cycle that characterizes late adulthood is
Definition
integrity vs despair.
Term
In most cases, when older adults choose to cohabitate, it is for
Definition
companionship.
Term
A policy issue that focuses on the greater amount of resources received by the elderly compared with those received by younger adults is referred to as
Definition
generational inequity.
Term
One special concern over the current medical system is that it is ____-oriented, whereas most health problems of the elderly are _____.
Definition
cure; chronic
Term
Activity theory holds that when one of an older person's roles is taken away, that person should
Definition
find a replacement role.
Term
Socioemotional selectivity theory argues that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with
Definition
individuals peripheral to their lives.
Term
The hospice was developed with the goal of
Definition
making the final stage of dying pain free
Term
Approximately ______ of corpses are disposed of by burial.
Definition
80%
Term
Most psychologists believe that it is best for dying individuals to
Definition
know that they are dying.
Term
The MAIN purpose of a hospice is to
Definition
make death more peaceful and less frightening for the patient and the family.
Term
A person today will most likely live until about age
Definition
78.
Term
Which of the following refers to the right of an individual to determine whether extraordinary means should be used to keep them alive?
Definition
Living will or advanced directive.
Term
Which of the following medical interventions would MOST likely be found in a hospice?
Definition
morphine
Term
Marie's sister died 3 years ago. marie is consistently bothered by sleeping problems, restlessness, and irritability. She often finds herself weeping uncontrollably because she misses her sister so much. Which of the following is probably true of Marie?
Definition
She is experiencing an unusually long grief period and should seek help.
Term
Approximately _______ of corpses are disposed of by cremation.
Definition
20%
Term
The ________ portions of the brain often die sooner than the ________ portions.
Definition
higher, lower
Term
Recent scientific advances in the US have led to more people
Definition
suffering more and in pain longer before they die.
Term
Josue has incurable cancer. However, he promises to lead a reformed life dedicated to GOd if God will spare his life. Josue is in which of Kubler-Ross' stages of dying?
Definition
Bargaining
Term
An advanced directive/ living will must be signed when
Definition
an individual is able to think clearly.
Term
Grief is MOST like
Definition
a roller coaster, because it goes up and down.
Term
Why do women have an easier time with the loss of their spouse than do men?
Definition
Women have better social networks.
Term
Which of the following statements about the living will is FALSE?
Definition
Only the terminally ill can write one
Term
Levi sustained severe and irreversible brain damage in an auto accident. His wife and parents decided to remove the life support system, and Levi subsequently died. This is an example of
Definition
passive euthanasia
Term
Damon placed a pillow over his terminally ill wife and smothered her to end her suffering. This is an example of
Definition
active euthanasia
Term
A person born in 1900 would most likely live until about the age of
Definition
47
Term
Death occurs neurologically when __________ for a specified period of time.
Definition
one's brain shows no electrical activity
Term
The main goal of a hospice is _______ of the individual through pain management, support, and education. The main goal of a hospital is _______ of the individual through prolonging life at all costs.
Definition
care; cure
Term
Why is it more difficult to determine whether someone is dead now than it was 100 years ago?
Definition
Medical technology has made it possible to create differing definitions of death.
Term
In the US, _________ euthanasia is generally more accepted than ____________ euthanasia.
Definition
passive; active
Term
Kubler-Ross believed that as one proceeds through the stages of death, the person moves from
Definition

Denial

Anger

Bargaining

Depression

Acceptance

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