Term
a group of people who are born at a similar time in history and share similar experiences.
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Definition
|
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Term
| Piaget emphasized the biological process of cognitive development, but Vygotsky emphasized the effects of ____________ on development. |
|
Definition
| social interaction and culture |
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Term
| Vygotsky emphasized the effects of social interaction and culture, but Piaget emphasized _____________. |
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Definition
| the biological processes of cognitive development. |
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Term
| People today are waiting longer to marry and raise children. In the 1950s, it was more common for people to marry and start a family before they were 20 years old. This difference is an example of a |
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Definition
| normative history-graded influence on development. |
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Term
[In ethological theory] an innate learning within a short period of time that involves a newborn's becoming attached to the first moving thing the newborn sees
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Definition
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Term
John Bowlby's work in attachment showed that an infant's attachment to a caregiver has important influence over the life span.
According to Bowlby, attachment should take place when? |
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Definition
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Term
| Informed consent in research contains: |
|
Definition
Right to withdraw
Description of what is involved
Risks
*Does NOT include a detailed hypothesis. |
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Term
| Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He also has been thinking about how his personal relationship is going and considering whether it could be long term and lead to establishing a family. What stage of life is Travis in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dr. Duffy believes people are primarily influenced by the environment and learned experiences, so she believes ____ plays a more powerful role in human development. |
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Definition
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Term
| What method is best for determining cause and effect? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eclectic theory of development assumes what? |
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Definition
| No single theory can account for all human development. Eclectic takes all of the theory's best parts to explain development. |
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Term
| Dr. Wong is a cognitive theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of _______ for understanding development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Taking ACT or SAT tests are examples of ___ measures? What kind of tests are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cross-sectional studies compare |
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Definition
different age groups all at one time.
Ex: Looking at a group of 20 year olds, and today comparing them to a group of 40 year olds. |
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Term
| Longitudinal research studies what groups over a period of time? |
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Definition
| follows the same individuals over time. Takes a long time. |
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Term
| "Non-normative" refers to events that: |
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Definition
| aren't likely to happen to very many people |
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Term
| Normative history-graded events: |
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Definition
| events that happen to a group of people because of the time period. |
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Term
| Normative age-graded events: |
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Definition
| events that happen to everyone at certain ages. |
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Term
| By 50, many people need reading glasses or bifocals to improve their vision. This physiological change is a good example of what? |
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Definition
| Normative age-graded influence on development. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of growth that begins at conception and continues throughout the human life span. |
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Term
| When she was a teenager, Anna's family was killed by a tornado. Over 30 years later, she is still terrified by storms. This is an example of how a _________ event can influence a person's development. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dante is 2. At the doctor he discovered that he had gained 5 pounds and grown 2 inches since his last physical exam. This is an example of _______ processes in development. |
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Definition
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Term
a set of ideas that help us to explain our data and make further predictions
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Definition
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Term
| Prenatal diagnostic test in which part of the placenta is removed. |
|
Definition
| chorionic villus sampling |
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Term
| In the video illustrating Tay-Sachs Disease, Hayden inherited the defect from who? |
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Definition
| both his mother and his father |
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Term
| Behavioral geneticists believe that behaviors are determined by |
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Definition
| a continuous interaction between biological and environmental factors |
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Term
| A phenotype can consist of _____ as well as _____ characteristics. |
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Definition
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Term
| What comparison of siblings would give you the MOST information if you wanted to study how much genetics influences personality? |
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Definition
| comparing 2 identical twins reared apart |
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Term
| Mateo is on a strict diet because his parents are aware that he cannot metabolize a certain amino acid. Buildup of this amino acid in his system could result in mental retardation. Mateo has: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In what sex-linked syndrome does a male have an extra X chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is more likely to inherit X-syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Syndrome where the body's red blood cells take on a hook shape instead of the normal round shape. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are fraternal twins developed? |
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Definition
| two eggs were fertilized by 2 different sperm |
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Term
| How are identical twins developed? |
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Definition
| one egg and one sperm, the egg divides in half. |
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Term
| View proposed by Gottlieb suggesting that development is an ongoing bidirectional interaction between heredity and the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| After fertilization of the egg by a sperm, a single cell is created, called a |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The inability to conceive after 12 months of attempting |
|
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Term
| In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) |
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Definition
| egg and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish. Fertilized egg is transferred into the woman's uterus |
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Term
| Gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) |
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Definition
| egg and sperm deposited directly into fallopian tube (earliest) |
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Term
| Zygote intra-fallopian transfer (ZIFT) |
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Definition
| eggs fertilized in lab then zygote deposited into fallopian tube |
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Term
| Units of hereditary information that act as a blueprint for cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life are: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| During the infertility treatment of Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer, fertilization occurs in |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Jessica is very attractive and constantly receives compliments. Her "genes" have influenced her "environment" in the following manner |
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Definition
| There is an evocative genotype-environment interaction between her genes and her environment. |
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Term
| Merta believes that for a species to continue in an environment, it must be able to reproduce and adapt. She believes in |
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Definition
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Term
| Prenatal medical procedure where a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by a syringe and tested for chromosome or metabolic disorders |
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Definition
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Term
| During which period of development is the unborn baby MOST AT RISK of developing a structural defect because of the effects of a teratogen? |
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Definition
| during the embryonic period |
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Term
| In the process of meiosis, |
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Definition
| the cells divide into gametes, which have half the genetic material of the parent cell. |
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Term
| Anita was born after 40 weeks of gestation and weighed 4 pounds. She would be considered |
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Definition
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Term
| If amniocentesis is performed to determine if a woman's fetus is genetically normal, this involves |
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Definition
| drawing a sample of the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb. |
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Term
| Mariah had a baby 6 weeks ago. Mariah cries and worries a lot, is depressed, is not able to sleep well, and has extreme changes in her appetite. Given what we know about the postpartum period, Mariah |
|
Definition
| should seek professional counseling or assistance. |
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Term
| At birth, the average American baby weighs ____ pounds and is approximately _____ inches long. |
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Definition
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Term
| The practice of holding a diapered baby on your bare chest or between your breasts with a blanket draped over the baby's back. Researchers have demonstrated that this skin-to-skin contact can be beneficial for both parents and babies. |
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Definition
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Term
| The germinal period begins at conception and lasts |
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Definition
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Term
| The Apgar Scale is a method used to assess the health of newborns. A score of 3 would |
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Definition
| signal an emergency because the baby's survival is in doubt. |
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Term
| Maturation plays a(n) _______ role; dynamic system plays a(n) ______ role. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 year old Anita has learned "dog" to identify her pet Rover. Now Anita says the word "dog" when she sees any animal. Anita has _______ these animals into her existing scheme. |
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Definition
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Term
| The "visual cliff" is used to measure |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Extensive brain development continues after birth. |
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Definition
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Term
| The specialization of function in each of the 2 hemispheres of the cerebral cortex in the brain is called |
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Definition
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Term
| People remember very little about what happened in the early years of their lives. This is called: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cephalocaudal pattern of development: |
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Definition
| Top-down. Development of the brain, followed by spinal cord, then leg nerves. |
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Term
| Proximodistal Pattern of growth: |
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Definition
| Inward- out. Growth starts in the center of the body and moves toward the extremities. |
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Term
| Adjusting already existing schemes to fit new information and experiences is called: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. Kyoko's _______ vocabulary is more developed than her _______ vocabulary. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When do infants begin to communicate? |
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Definition
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Term
| Marty is developing rapidly in her size and abilities to sit and stand. Many of the reflexes with which she was born are fading but she is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marty is probably in the _________ of life. |
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Definition
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Term
| Abdiel is a newborn. He found one of his toys to be very exciting when he first received it, but now is bored with it. His crib gets knocked around and the toy moves and appears to change shape. After this, he seems to get his initial excitement back for the toy. This is an example of: |
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Definition
| habituation-dishabituation |
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Term
Who is at the MOST risk for SIDS?
a. Aimee- her mother smokes
b. Sylvia- she sleeps in firm bedding
c. Grace- was born weighing more than most babies
d. Kyoko- parents are Japanese |
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Definition
A. Aimee- her mother smokes.
Smoking parents are a leading cause of SIDS.
Other causes: Soft bedding, low birthweight, Eskimo parents |
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Term
| A child's expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with his or her parents' |
|
Definition
| verbal interactions with the child. |
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Term
|
Definition
| actions or mental representations that organize knowledge |
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Term
| After Heather's mother leaves, Heather crawls into the hallway to look for her. According to Piaget, this shows her capability of: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Germain says "Ball fall." His father replies "Yes the ball fell down the stairs." This is an example of |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ motor skills involve large-muscle activity. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Javier and his father are at the circus. A clown jumps in front of them and Javier looks at his father to see if he is afraid or laughing. Javier is using: |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Daniel and Anna are married and are fighting with each other. Anna snaps at their daughter and sends her to her room, but the daughter was not misbehaving. According to Belsky's description of family interactions, this is an example of: |
|
Definition
| an indirect influence of the marital relationship on the child. |
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Term
| Mary plays peek-a-boo with her baby. Initially Mary covers the baby and removes the cover, registering surprise at the baby's reappearance. Then her baby does the covering and uncovering. This is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Harlow's study concluded that contact comfort is more important for attachment than feeding. What evidence was used to support this conclusion? |
|
Definition
| Baby monkeys spent more time with cloth surrogate mothers than with the wire mothers, even if the wire mothers provided food. |
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Term
| At what age does separation protest peak? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What would Erik Erikson be MOST likely recommend about soothing a crying infant? |
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Definition
| Pick up the baby and soothe him so that a healthy sense of trust develops. |
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Term
| What kind of smile occurs FIRST in development? |
|
Definition
| reflexive smile: occurs when the baby is sleeping. |
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Term
| Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in her environment. However, her mother is overly controlling and rigid. Developmental psychologists would say that a discussion of this discrepancy concerns: |
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Definition
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Term
| Janine impatiently grabs the door handle from her toddler, quickly opens the door and hurries the little girl out. Erik Erikson would suggest that this little girl |
|
Definition
| will develop a sense of shame and doubt if this type if interaction occurs consistently. |
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Term
| What is the MAIN difference between most child-care policies available in the United States and Sweden? |
|
Definition
| a level of inclusion of the father. |
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|
Term
| Which of the following is generally true about child-care settings across the United States? |
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Definition
| They vary widely in quality. |
|
|
Term
| "Easy," "difficult," and "slow to warm up" are different types of: |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Lifelong. Covers the entire life span. Womb to tomb. Suggests that development is important throughout the whole life. |
|
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Term
| 5 parts of the life span perspective |
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Definition
Multidimensional: Physical, Cognitive, Socio-emotional
Multidirectional: physically, some things increase as others decrease.
Multidisciplinary: many different fields contribute to what we know about development
Plasticity: Our amazing capacity for change.
Contextual: everything happens within context
[MMMPC] |
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Term
3 different types of contexts
[normatives] |
|
Definition
Normative Age-Graded: things that happen to everyone at a certain age
Normative History-Graded: things that happen to a certain group of people because of the time period
Non-Normative: things that only happen to a specific person. Tragedies that impact your development. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Looks at infancy, childhood, and adolescent. Doesn't include adulthood.
[opposite of life span perspective] |
|
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Term
|
Definition
describe development as primarily unconscious and heavy colored by emotion.
Things that happened to us when we were little will shape us in adulthood. |
|
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Term
| Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory |
|
Definition
| Unconscious thought is a central theme. He may have overemphasized sexual instincts. |
|
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Term
The 8 stages of Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
[IMPORTANT] |
|
Definition
1. Trust vs Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative vs Guilt
4. Industry vs Inferiority
5. Identity vs Identity Confusion
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
7. Generativity vs Stagnation
8. Integrity vs Despair |
|
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Term
| 5 Stages of Freud's Psychosexual Development |
|
Definition
1. Oral: infant's pleasures focused on the mouth
2. Anus: Child's pleasure focuses on the anus
3. Phallic: Child's pleasure focus on the genitals
4. Latency: Sexual interest is repressed to develop social and intellectual skills
5. Genital: Time of sexual reawakening, source of sexual pleasure is outside the family (puberty) |
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Term
|
Definition
| emphasize conscious thought |
|
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Term
| 4 stages of Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory |
|
Definition
World understanding through organization and adaptation.
1. Sensorimotor: coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions
2. Preoperational: world is represented with words and images, increased symbolic thinking
3. Concrete Operational: logical reasoning, can classify objects into different sets
4. Formal Operational: more abstract, idealistic, logical reasoning |
|
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Term
| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory |
|
Definition
| Emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| says that we can scientifically study only things that can by directly observed and measured. |
|
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Term
| Skinner's Operant Conditioning |
|
Definition
| consequences in behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence. |
|
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Term
| Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory |
|
Definition
| behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. |
|
|
Term
| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory |
|
Definition
| development reflects the influence of 5 environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem |
|
|
Term
| [SHORT ANSWER] Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory chart |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Who we are is shaped by biology. |
|
|
Term
| [SHORT ANSWER] Teratogens are: |
|
Definition
environmental agents that interfere with the development of an unborn fetus in either structural (embryonic stage) or functional (fetal stage)
Ex: alcohol, cigarettes, stress, caffeine |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| smaller muscles like finger movement develop |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Chronological: number of years that have elapsed since birth
2. Biological: age in terms of biological health
3. Psychological: individual's adaptive capacities compared to others with the same chronological age
4. Social: based on social roles and expectations related to a person's age |
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Term
|
Definition
| disease where a child physically ages 10x faster than kids should. Deals with Biological Age. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Informed consent
2. Voluntary (both before and during)
3. Debriefing
4. Limited use of deception
5. Confidentiality
*Does not include a breakdown of the hypothesis. |
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|
Term
| Socioeconomic Status (SES) |
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Definition
| a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Conceptualize the problem
2. Collect data
3. Draw conclusions
4. Revise research conclusions and theory |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| specific assertions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1. Nature-Nurture
2. Stability-Change
3. Continuity-Discontinuity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Debate on how much of who we are is determined by our biological make-up (Nature) and how much is determined by our environment when we get here (Nurture)
How much of each goes into making us who we are. |
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Term
| Stability vs Change debate |
|
Definition
Stability: once we get through these critical development periods, we'll be stable.
Change: We can still see changes into adulthood. |
|
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Term
| Continuity vs Discontinuity |
|
Definition
Continuity: we get better and better progressively (straight line)
Discontinuity: we develop in distinct levels and can work our way up to a higher cognitive ability (stairs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicates itself with 2 new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (gametes) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| extra chromosome causes mild to severe retardation and physical abnormailties |
|
|
Term
| Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) |
|
Definition
| Extra X chromosome causes physical abnormalities |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormality in the X chromosome can cause mental retardation, learning disabilities, or a short attention span |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| missing X chromosome in females can cause mental retardation and sexual underdevelopment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an extra Y chromosome can cause above-average height |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interferes with mucus production, breathing and digestion are hampered, and life span is shortened |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Not enough insulin produced, abnormal metabolism of sugar |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Central nervous system deteriorates,problems with muscle coordination and mental deterioration |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic disorder that can cause mental retardation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood disorder that limits oxygen supply. Can cause joint swelling, heart and kidney failure |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Declaration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What do Fetal MRIs, Ultrasounds, and Sonograms show? |
|
Definition
| the structures of the baby. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sperm and egg come together in the fallopian tubes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| first 2 weeks. Baby is a zygote. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Baby is an embryo. Organs are developing (worst time for teratogens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does normal pregnancy last? |
|
Definition
| 40 weeks. (38-42 weeks is normal) |
|
|
Term
| When is a baby considered preterm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when it's capable of surviving outside the womb. 23-24 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Contractions: cervix trying to open
2. Birth: Baby's head comes out the cervix, followed by the rest of the body.
3. Afterbirth: membrane, placenta, and blood all come out of the cervix. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| body returning back to normal after pregnancy. Takes about 6 weeks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Duration: lasts longer than 2 weeks.
Intensity: interferes with normal activity, can't take care of themselves or the baby |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Duration: lasts about 1-2 weeks.
Intensity: a little bit of sadness but doesn't impact their ability to take care of herself or the baby |
|
|
Term
| Social Policy/ Generational inequality |
|
Definition
| charging younger people to benefit other people |
|
|
Term
SIDS: the leading cause of death in infants.
Heightening and lowering risks: |
|
Definition
Heightening: laying the baby on its side, co-sleeping, soft bedding, parents smoking, Eskimo or African American
Lowering: laying the baby on its back, pacifier, firm bedding, normal birth rate, air circulation |
|
|
Term
| Piaget's cognitive theories |
|
Definition
| accommodation, assimilation, eye-tracking, observation, schema, brain-development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all males are daddy
all white and fuzzy things are rabbits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
personalities are already evident when you're born
"easy" "difficult" "slow to warm up" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how well does that child's temperament fit within the context of the family/environment/ day-care setting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studying one specific person or group and following them over time |
|
|
Term
| Environmental experiences |
|
Definition
| kids growing up in the same house may still have different experiences. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
under 5 1/2 pounds.
Risk factors: pre-term labor, smoking, obese parents, very young mothers, nutrition, health, drug use, alcohol consumption
Problems: more likely to have respiratory problems, asthma, ADHD |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviors babies are born with. Often initiated in the spinal cord. Babies often grow out of some of them. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
maximum number of years a species can live in ideal situations (no accidents/diseases)
Hasn't changed historically.
Around 102 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
average age you can expect to live based on the year you were born in. (Current: 78)
It's getting longer, varies culturally. |
|
|
Term
| Stability Marshmallow video- Delayed gratification: |
|
Definition
| followed kids that waited to eat the marshmallow over a longitudinal study. Wanted to see if their self-control shown at an early age was a predictor of later life behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| Issue that focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Processes related to changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Processes related to changes in an individual's relationship with other people, emotions, and personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developed social cognitive theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developed Cognitive Development theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developed Sociocultural Cognitive theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research design where the relationship between 2 or more variables is examined |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Research design that has the purpose of observing and recording behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Developed Psychosocial theory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person's genetic heritage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outer layer of cells that develop in the germinal period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inner layer of cells that develop during the germinal period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of prenatal development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Life-support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Life-support system that is a bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reflex that occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Units of meaning involved in word formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Piagetian mechanism to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Appropriate use of language in different contexts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
Semantics: Meanings of words and sentences
Syntax: The way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences |
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Term
| Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others |
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Definition
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Term
| Deliberate mental activities to improve the processing of information |
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Definition
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Term
| Internalized set of actions that allow children to do mentally what they formally did physically. |
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Definition
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Term
| Awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its quantitative properties |
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Definition
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Term
| Inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's |
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Definition
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