Term
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Definition
contour lines drawn to separate one level of seismic intensity from another
-used to determine the center of the eq shaking and id source of seismic waves
-indicated rate at which the skaing effects diminished with distance and provides him with an estimate of the relative size of the eq |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of ground shaking obtained from the damage done to structures built by humans, changes in the earth's surface, and felt reports |
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Term
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Definition
1st developed from I to X by M.S. de Rossi and Francois Forel in 1880
-more refined scale from I to XII in 1902 by italian seismologist and volcanologist G. Mercalli
- versoin called the abridged modified Mercalli developed by H.O. Wood and Frank Neumann to fit construction of CA
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Term
| Problem with Mercalli intensity scales |
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Definition
the measure using the greatest intensity
ex.. landslides = X |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eq is felt by all, most people are frightened, many run outdoors, shifts heavy furniture, causes plaster to fall, damages some chimneys |
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Term
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Definition
higher intensity/damage
often cause building foundations to move, crack, or subside |
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Term
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Definition
| 1931 by K. Wadati in Japan and developed by the late Professor Charles Richter in 1935 in CA - uses seismic wave amplitudes measured by a seismograph |
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Term
| 3 main ways eq magnitudes are used |
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Definition
1. recognized by the general public, scientists, engineers, and technicians
2. magnitudes are important in the ongoing efforts to monitor a comprehensive nuclear test ban treaty
-best way to determine diff between nuclear explosion and natural eq
3. mags of pervious eqs are used in an approx. way to predict what the greatest acceleration of the ground shaking may be in an eq
-used to design structures that will withstand |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
moment magnitude
-improve the uniform coverage of eq size |
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Term
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Definition
Richter magnitude
-developed for southern california
-used the wave with the highest amplitude |
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Term
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Definition
| measures p wave- not affected by the focal depth |
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Term
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Definition
| equal and oppposite forces pushing on faults. the size of this couple is called the moment |
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Term
| 3 factors that directly effect the intensity of an eq at a particular geographic location |
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Definition
1. degree of damage to structures of human origin
2. amount of disturbance to the surface of the ground
3. extent of human and aminal reaction to shaking |
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Term
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Definition
surface layers of rocks plunge into the earths interior, temp and pressure go up and sinking lithosphere is gradually reworked until it becomes mixed and absorbed into the rocks of deeper interior
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Term
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Definition
| area in an eq prone region where there has been a below average level of seismic energy release |
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Term
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Definition
chile feb 27 2010 mag 8.8 deaths 550-800, very strong building codes, subduction dip slip zone
haiti jan 12 2010, mag 7, 100,000 to 220000 deaths, many many weak buildings, strike slip fault |
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Term
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Definition
| fairly stable slabs of solid, rigid rock |
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Term
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Definition
| mid-oceanic ridges and rises |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the presnet is the key to the past - the causes of mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes are the same today as they were in the deep past. principles of geology |
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Term
| driving mechanism of tectonics |
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Definition
| heat incessantly produced from the decay of radioactive elements in the rocks throughout the interior of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| the most difficult eqs to explain using plate tectonics theory |
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Term
| until the 1960s there were only two serious global hypotheses for the formation of mountain ranges and ocean deeps. they were _________ and _________ |
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Definition
the earth was cooling and thus contracting
and
large-scale convective movements of the rocks of the earths mantle |
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Term
| describe a prediction which can be made to test the plate tectonic theory |
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Definition
| if the theory of plate tectonics is true then scientists would be able to predict when eqs would occur. for example, there is a seismic gap in the alutian islands where considerable strain has built up and scientist predict that theyre will be an eq occuring in that area. also eqs can be predicted to occur at subduction zones because the plates are converging |
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Term
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Definition
| regular, downward dipping seismic zones |
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Term
| most of the largest magnitude eqs (near chile and japan) are |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following is NOT an example of a famous intraplate eq |
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Definition
| good friday eq, 1964, alaska |
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Term
| scottish naturalist james hutton was the first influential proponent of the view that geological processes take place in |
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Definition
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Term
| moment magnitude is abbreviated |
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Definition
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Term
| damage to structures during an eq is due more to ________ than to _________ |
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Definition
| the duration of strong ground shaking that to the peak or maximum ground acceleration |
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Term
| the maximum allowable value on the modified mercalli intensity scale is |
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Definition
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Term
| It is uniformitarianism that leads us to expect that the next large eq will occur in a seismic gap in an otherwise already eq prone region |
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Definition
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Term
| the earth is constantly creating new crust and consuming old crust |
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Definition
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Term
| magnitude scales haveno upper limit, but the upper limit on the size of an eq is limited by the strength of the rocks of the earths crust |
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Definition
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Term
| magnitude scales were created because scientists, engineers, and the general public use them as a measure of the relative size of eqs and as a rough estimate of the eqs severity |
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Definition
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Term
| body wave magnitude, Mb, uses the p wave amplitude and it not affected by the focal depth of the eq |
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Definition
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Term
| surface wave magnitude, Ms, uses the largest amplitude of surface waves with a period near 20 seconds |
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Definition
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Term
| when the surface wave magnitude Ms inceases by 1 unit, the amount of seismic energy E released increases by a factor of about 30 |
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Definition
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Term
| ground acceleration is usually reported as a percentage oft the acceleration due to gravity becasue this is a value with which everyone is familiar, at least intuitively |
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Definition
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Term
| generally, the vertical ground acceleration in an eq is less than the peak horizontal acceleration |
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Definition
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Term
| experience has shown that it is the horizontal motions of the ground that topple structures and even throw people to the ground, rather than vertical motions |
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Definition
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Term
| one of the most reliable methods for distinguishing between natural eqs and nuclear blasts is the unusually shallow focus of a nuclear blast |
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Definition
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Term
the following geographic region(s) has (have) been hit by notable and deadly tsunamis in the last 200 years;
iceland, hawaii, japan, a and b, a and c, b and c |
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Definition
| b and c (hawaii and japan) |
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Term
| a tsunami, in the open ocean, travels about the same speed as: |
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Definition
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Term
| the only official eq prediction ever made in the US was in the late 1980s for the region around |
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Definition
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Term
according to the CA panel of eq prediction, there are four essential elements required for a valid eq prediction. which of the following is not one of the essential elements
a. the magnitude range
b. the odds that the type of eq predicted would occur by chance alone
c. the max ground accelerations that would be expected
d. the location for the eq |
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Definition
| c. the max ground accelerations that would be expected |
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Term
| in the open ocean, tsunamis are often several meters in height and have a wave length of 5 to 10 m |
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Definition
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Term
| the run up height of a tsunami is the horizontal distance of water run up on the shore compared to the normal waters edge |
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Definition
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Term
| even very large eqs on strike-slip faults like the san andreas rarely produce a seismic sea wave |
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Definition
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Term
| mt. st. helens is a composite volcano made up of tephra (ejected fragments of older rocks) and lava flows |
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Definition
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Term
| no one was killed in the may 1980 explosion of mt. st. helens |
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Definition
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Term
| volcanic activity can cause an eq or an eq can cause volcanic activity. it works both ways |
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Definition
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Term
| eqs associated with volcanic eruptions are always volcanic tremors (more or less continuous shaking) volcanic eqs do not produce P and S waves |
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Definition
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Term
| reasonably often, seismographs can be used to predict eruptions of active volcanoes |
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Definition
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Term
| at the summit of most composite volcanoes there is a caldera |
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Definition
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Term
| seismic sea wave, tsunami, and tidal wave are equally acceptable terms (scientifically correct) for what Darwin called great waves |
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Definition
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Term
| The eruption and subsequent collapse of Krakatoa Is in the east indies in 1883 created one of the largest tsunamis in recorded history |
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Definition
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Term
| A large reservoir of molten rock, waiting to make its way to the surface via a volcanic vent, is called a ________ _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| An avalanche of hot gasses, steam, and rock debris, accompanying a volcanic eruption, is called a _________ flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the four countries that became heavily involved in the study of earthquake prediction, beginning in the 1960's |
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Definition
| Japan, Soviet Union, US, China |
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Term
| which effort will do society more good: learning to predict the time and location of eqs or predicting seismic intensity (seismic risk) for particular areas? Explain why. contrast advantages and disadvantages of each option and explain why you prefer one or the other. |
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Definition
| It is more important to predict seismic intensity for an area because then proper precautions such as building codes can be established. if you live in an eq prone area then you know the eq is likely to occur. if you predict down to the date people may panic, unnecessary evacuation may occur, housing market prices may decrease, insurance may sky rocket. however, if people can prepare ahead of time and have better building structures, not build near the ocean to avoid tsunamis that would do society more good. |
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Term
indicate whether each is a predictor, not a predictor or if they are uncertain if it is or not.
foreshocks
ground uplift and tilt
release of radon gas
eq weather
tidal pull of sun and moon |
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Definition
foreshocks - uncertain
ground uplift and tilt - uncertain
release of radon gas - uncertain
eq weather - not a predictor
tidal pull of sun and moon - not a predictor |
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Term
| which is the more realistic goal: prediction of eqs or prediction or seismic intensity |
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Definition
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Term
coastal dwellers in which of the following areas run a high risk of a tsunami hitting within minutes after a major eq
east coast of japan
coast of s. ca
coast of chile
coast of WA
west coast of florida
coast of brazil |
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Definition
east coast of japan
coast of chile
coast of WA |
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Term
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Definition
huge reservoirs underneath volcanic vents, molten fraction of rocks makes its way to the surface
-magma moves up from time to time to issue forth as lava |
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Term
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Definition
| can usually be detected only very near vents, useful in forecasting probably imminent eruptions. continuous shaking of the ground that persists for days or hours |
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Term
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Definition
at the summit of a volcanoe
crater produced by rock collapse into the depleted magma chamber after a great eruption |
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Term
| a valid prediction has four essential elements |
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Definition
1. the period within the event would occur
2. the area of the location
3. the mag. range
4. a statement of the odds that an eq of the predicted kind would occur by chance alone without reference to any special evidece |
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Term
| clues for recognizing impending eqs |
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Definition
detection of strain in rocks of earths crust by geodetic surveys and id of suspicious gaps in the regular occurrence of eqs in time and space
observe foreshocks
installed seismograph stations accross continential shelf |
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Term
| eq prediction - ground tilts |
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Definition
| ground tilts in eq regions, rapid ground uplift of a consideralbe area |
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Term
eq prediction - release of radon
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Definition
| radioactive gas into the atmosphere along fault zones particularly from deep wells |
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Term
| eq prediction - varation in electrical resistivity |
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Definition
| conductivity of the rocks, electrical resistance or water- saturated rocks, such as granite, changes measurably just before the rocks fracture |
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Term
| eq prediction- variation in the seismicity |
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Definition
| large change in normal background eq occurance is noted, up rate of small eqs |
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Term
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Definition
eqs are more frequent, seismic waves propagate shorter distances
eqs are less frequent, seismic waves progagate longer distances |
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Term
| technically speaking, when describing the danger from eq _________ is the event itself, that is, the ground shaking with a specific force |
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Definition
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Term
| On the other hand, eq ________ is the danger eqs present to vulnerable buildings or persons |
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Definition
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Term
| when fine-grained water-saturated soil is shaken, it loses its resistance to shearing, a condition called ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| every day americans are at risk (that is, in danger of losing their lives) from five, eqs, and automobile accidents. put these three risks in order from highest to lowest (by number of deaths per million Americans per year) |
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Definition
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
Store extra food in the basement |
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Definition
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
Devise a plan for reuniting your family after an eq in the event that anyone is separated |
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Definition
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
Fasten heavy appliances and furniture to the floor or wall |
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Definition
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
During an eq, if indoors, immediately proceed outdoors |
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Definition
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
During an eq, if outdoors, proceed to a doorway of a nearby building |
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Definition
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
During an eq, if driving, keep driving with caution |
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Definition
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
During an eq, in a high rise building, head for the nearest elevator to evacuate the building |
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Definition
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
After an eq, it at home, immediately proceed outdoors, even if your house appears to be undamages |
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Definition
I marked it as G but he marked it wrong, and then changed to G
Bolt says to leave because building could be damaged |
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
After an eq, go into all damaged areas looking for people who are injured |
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Definition
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Term
G or B before during and after an eq
After an eq, immediately call friends and relatives to see if they are okay |
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Definition
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Term
| The National EA hazard reduction act of 1977 emphasized eq prediction research over mitigation of eq hazards |
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Definition
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Term
| Bolting a wood frame house to its foundation is a good way to reduce damage to the house and its contents during an eq |
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Definition
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Term
| In countries like new zealand, japan, and the us, eq insurance is rarely if ever available, except through direct negotations with a specific insurance company |
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Definition
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Term
| More often than not (that is, over 50% of the time) people are at home when damaging eqs occur |
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Definition
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Term
| the collapse of weak houses and buildings is the cause of most casualties from eqs |
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Definition
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Term
| inexpensive modifications to rural and urban housing design are better long-term measures to prevent injury than is eq prediction |
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Definition
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Term
| probabilistic seismic hazard maps which give an idea of the underlying statistical uncertanity of eq shaking are now commonly used in eq prone countries |
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Definition
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Term
| In CA, eq intensity drops off fairly rapidly with distance from the epicenter, this is not true in the eastern US where seismic waves propagate farther |
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Definition
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Term
| One of the problems with eq hazard maps is that the probability statements are given in a way that non-specialists find difficult to understand |
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Definition
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Term
| Mexico has an already tested warning system which could give mexico city 50 to 70 seconds of advance warning for a large eq centered along the pacitic coast of mexico |
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Definition
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Term
| the weight of roofing material is an important consideration in eq safety for one and two story family houses |
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Definition
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Term
| In the great eqs of 1811 and 1812 near new madrid, shaking was great but there was little change in the soil surface in the area |
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Definition
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Term
circle the items which, according to bolt, you should keep easily accessible in the home if you live in an actively seismic area:
first aid kit, flashlight, fire extinguisher, batteries, candles, duct tape, battery-powered radio, iPod |
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Definition
| First aid kit, flashlight, fire extinguisher, batteries, battery-powered radio |
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Term
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Definition
event itself, the eq ground shaking or the volcanic eruption, dangerous physical effects
-landslides and tsunamis |
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Term
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Definition
danger the hazard presents to vulnerable buildings or persons- probability of life and property loss within a given time interval and region- must be assessed compared to all other risks
-cars, fires, tornadoes, etc |
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Term
| self protection before - home |
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Definition
battery radio
flashlight
1st aid kit
everyone knows where they are
know where fuse box is, where gas and water shut off valves are
dont keep heavy objects on shelves, securely fasten appliances, anchor furniture
-devise a plan in case of separation |
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Term
| self protection before - school |
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Definition
| discuss eq safety in class and secure objeccts, have drills |
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Term
| self protection before - work |
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Definition
| find out emergency plan, what is your responsibility |
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Term
| self protection during - home |
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Definition
stay calm, if indoors stay indoors and stand against wall near center of building or get under sturdy table, stay away from windows
outdoors- stay in open, keep away from wires or anything that might fall- chimneys
dont use candles, matches or other open flame
stop car, stay away from bridges, stay in car |
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Term
| self protection during - work |
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Definition
| get under desk or sturdy furniture, stay away from windows, evacuate if told to do so, use stairs not elevators |
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Term
| self protection during - school |
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Definition
| get under desks, facing away from windows stay away from building if outside, if on bus, stay in seat til driver stops |
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Term
| self protection after - home |
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Definition
check self and others for injuries, provide 1st aid
check water and gas and electric lines, if damaged shut off
check for leaking gas by odor only-never light match
if detected open all windows and doors shut off gas
leave immediately report to authorities
turn on radio for emergency instructions
do not use phone because it is needed for high priority messages
dont flush toilets until sewer lines are checked
stay out of damaged buildings
wear boots/gloves |
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Term
| self protection after - school/work |
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Definition
follow emergency plan/instructions, stay away from beaches/water front in case of tsunamis
do not go into damaged areas
expect aftershocks |
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Term
| steps to reduce hazards to homes |
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Definition
1. waterproof housing and adequately nailed
2. fasten utilities securley enough to withstand high acceleration
3. brick chimneys reinforced, flues should to be lightweight
4. frame and sill plate reinspected periodicaly to assure it can resist and tied to concrete foundation has not been damaged by termites or fungus
5. all masonry walls should be reinforced and tied to footings
6. roots and ceiling should be light
7. flexible joints should be probided between the inside of utility lines (gas and water) and outside mains
8. closets and heavy furniture should be fastened or strapped to the wall studs
put plastic restraints on shelves - especially hospitals and secure artwork |
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