Term
| What is the benefit of Heuristics in Decision Making versus Normative Model? |
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Definition
| They reduce cognitive costs. Sastisficing/Elimination by aspects involves eliminating low options on most important dimension, then consider the next dimension |
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Term
| What is the Expected Value Model of Normative Approach to Decision Making? Why don't people always follow a Normative Model? |
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Definition
•Choose among options with different values for hypos varying in probability
•Optimum choice: Maximize expected value by choosing option with largest Sum (Prob X Value)
Hard to assign values to outcomes
(safety)
-Subjective values don’t = objective
values…
-Subjective probabilities don’t = objective
probabilities…
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Term
| Why was the Expected Utility Model created instead of Expected Value Model? |
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Definition
Utility not linearly related to value
Diminishing returns of changes in value for utility
Loss perceived as more costly than same gain
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Term
| How do people estimate small and large probabilities? |
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Definition
People overestimate small probabilities.
People underestimate large probabilities.
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Term
What are Framing Effects?
What are the implications of this in terms of risk? |
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Definition
The same information presented in different forms can lead to different actions
Choices involving gains (lives saved) are usually risk averse.
* Choices involving losses (lives lost) are usually risk taking.
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Term
In terms of Framing effects in Warnings, if you think of adherence as a sure loss and nonadherence as only possible loss, what will happen?
If you think of adherence as a gain and nonadherence as a only a possible gain, what will happen?
What does this imply in terms of how to fram a warning? |
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Definition
1.–You’ll go with the riskier alternative (nonadherence)
2.You’ll go with the riskier alternative (nonadherence)
3. don't just emphasize potential costs of nonadherence but also benefits of adherence
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Term
| What is Naturalistic Decision Making? |
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Definition
Deals with experienced decision makers working in complex,
uncertain environments
Decision makers face personal consequences for their actions
Describes rather than prescribes how decisions are made
Addresses situation awareness and problem solving
as part of the decision making process.
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Term
| What are the important predictions of Recognition Primed Decision Model? |
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Definition
Decision makers use experience to generate a plausible option as the first one they consider (direct retrieval)
2. TIme pressure does not decrease performance for those who have considerable expertise, they use pattern-matching
3. Experienced decision makers can pick course of action wihtout comparing and contrasting possible courses of aciton
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Term
| Describe Type 1 of Dual Process Theory |
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Definition
Intuitive, fast, unconscious, automatic,
emotion-driven (“snap judgment”)
Rapid processes that make sense of information …
similar to preattentive processing in visual attention
DM: RPD; heuristics
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Term
| Describe Type 2 of Dual Process Theory |
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Definition
Analytical/deliberate, slow, conscious, effortful/controlled
• Processes that review/integrate info in terms of goals…
similar to effortful search in attention; executive function
• DM: Normative models; some IP models
(expected utility model) |
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Term
| What is a way to improve decision making |
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Definition
Immediate, relevant (not selective) and focused feedback
about all important aspects of the decision making process ....
and its outcomes! |
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Term
| How can display/automation help in cue estimation and integration? |
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Definition
1. Cue estimation and integration (proximity compatibility principle!!)
Reduce need to mentally compute parameters (e.g., proportions, variance, etc)
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Term
| How can display/automation help with situation/revise hypothesis? |
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Definition
(reduce WM demands)
Automate process of updating prior odds
Reduce tendency to sequentially process (anchoring/recency effects)
Present disconfirming as well as confirming evidence (confirmation bias)
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Term
| How can display/automation help with Choice of Action? |
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Definition
Choice of action
Automated advice about potential course of action. But
User overtrust of aidloss of situation awareness;
User undertrustnonuse of aids
Alternatively, can “turn the table”, so that the aid critiques users’ choice of action (Interactive critiquing as a form of decision support for blood typing technicians; Guerlain et al., 1999)
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