Shared Flashcard Set

Details

EPPP - I/O Psychology
Focuses on I/O topics for the EPPP
49
Psychology
Professional
09/12/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

Performance Evaluation

Definition

 

 

 

 

The process of evaluating job performance by objective or subjective measures.

Term

 

 

 

Objective Measures of Performance Evaluation

Definition

 

-Direct, quantitative measures of performance (Sales, number of cases won, etc)

- Limitation: do not measure many important facets of job performance such as employee motivation or ability to cooperate with workers, etc.

Term

 

 

 

Subjective Measures of Performance Evaluation

Definition

- Relies on judgment of rater

- Useful for assessing complex aspects of job performance such as motivation, ability to supervise, etc.

- Limitation: subject to rater bias (halo, central tendency, etc); raters not motivated to provide accurate ratings.

Term

 

 

 

Halo Effect

Definition

 

 

Tendency to judge all aspects of a person's behavior on the basis of a single attribute of characteristic. 

- Can be positive or negative.

Term

 

 

 

 Conscientiousness as a personality measure

Definition

 

 

 

An accurate predictor of job performance and training success across a wide range of settings.

Term

 

 

 

Three Steps in Training Development

Definition

1) Needs analysis: what kind of training is needed?

 

2) Program design: what program is most similar to the job?

 

3) Program evaluation: rarely done. Effectiveness, internal variables, cost effectiveness.

Term

 

 

Bloom's 4 Steps of Program Evaluation

Definition

 

1. Specify objectives

 2. Define Parameters

3. Specify techniques use to achieve goals

4. Collect relevant data.

Term

 

 

 

Holland's Personality & Environment Typology

Definition

 

Realistic

Investigative

Artistic

Social

Enterprising

Conventional

Term

 

 

 

Roe's Fields & Levels Theory

Definition

- Theory of vocational choice that links children's experiences with their parents to both field and level of occupational achievement

- Three parenting orientations: overprotective, avoidant and acceptant

-Parenting orientation affects the needs and personality traits of children, which, in turn, affect their occupational choices.

Term

 

 

 

Super's Career & Life Development Theory

Definition

Follows stages and each stage has a task that must be completed to progress to next stage.

Key Concepts:

- self-concept and career maturity

- Self concept is individual's abilities, etc.

-Career maturity is how the individual has mastered each task.

Term

 

 

 

Tiedeman & O'Hare's Decision Making Model

Definition

 

 

Added Erikson's psychosocial theory of ego development to Super's theory.

Defined personal reality and common reality

Term

 

 

 

Assumptions about workers

Definition

 

 

1. Worker motivation affects performance.

2. Typical worker is motivated exclusively by economic incentives.

3. Average worker needs constant supervision.

Term

 

 

 

Weber's Bureaucracy

Definition

 

 

Organizational effectiveness is maximized when the organization adopts a bureaucratic structure with formal rules, impersonal treatment of employees, division of labor, a hierarchy and a rational, efficient approach.

Term

 

 

 

Human Relations Approach

Definition

 Worker performance is affected by social factors including attitudes towards management and formal and informal norms.

 

It is the special treatment and attention workers received that made the difference in productivity.

Term

 

 

 

Systems Approach

Definition

 

 

Organization is an open system that receives input from within and outside the organization.

 

A change in one part of the system effects the entire system.

Term

 

 

American Theory (Theory A)

Definition

- Short term employment duration

- Individual decision making

- Individual responsibility

- Rapid evaluation and promotion

- Specialized career path

- Employee knowledge of organization is segmented.

Term

 

 

 

Japanese Theory (Theory J)

Definition

- Long term employment duration

- Consentual decision making

- Collective responsibility

- Slow evaluation and promotion

- Nonspecialized career path

- Employee knowledge of organization is holistic.

Term

 

 

 

Theory Z

Definition

- Best practices of Theory A and J

- Consensual decision making

 - Slow Promotion

- Holistic knowledge

- Individual responsibility

Long term employment and moderately specialized career path.

Term

 

 

 

Total Quality Management

Definition

- Changes in organizational structure and job characteristics.

- Flattening of hierarchy, increased teamwork, reduced ratio of managers ot non-managers

- Increased emphasis on cooperation and fairness in the treatment of employees.

 

Term

 

 

 

 Autocratic Leaders

Definition

 

 

 

Make decisions alone and instruct subordinates what to do.

Term

 

 

 

Democratic Leaders

Definition

 

 

 

Involve subordinates in decision making.

Term

 

 

 

Laissez-Faire leaders

Definition

 

 

 

Allow subordinates to make decisions on their own with little guidance or help

Term

 

 

 

What type of leader produces highest productivity?

Definition

 

Autocratic leaders.

- when work is routine

-Subordinates are more satisfied and more creative and have beter relations with leaders who adapt a democratic style

Term

 

 

 

Consideration vs. Initiating Structure

Definition

 

- Leaders who are high in consideration are person-oriented and focused on the human relations aspect of supervision.

- Leaders who are high on initiating structures are more task oriented and focused on goal setting.  They insure that subordiantes follow rules

Term

 

 

Fiedler's Contingency Model

Definition

 

 

A leader's effectiveness is determined by a combination of the leader's style and the characteristics of the situation.

Term

 

 

House's Path-Goal Theory of Leadership

Definition

 

 

Predicts that subordinates satisfaction and motivation are maximized when they perceive the leader as helping them to achieve goals.

Term

 

 

 

Transformational Leaders

Definition

 

 

Change focused.

Recognize the need for and are able to create a vision of organizational change.

Activate higher order needs, encourage self-sacrifice, clarify what is needed to accomplish change

Term

 

 

 

Transactional Leaders

Definition

 

 

Focused on status quo.

Emphasize normal activity and foster motivation by appealing to motivation (rewards and punishment)

Term

 

 

 

Vroom & Yetton's Normative Model of Leadership

Definition

1. A1(autocratic) - do not consult

2. A11(autocractice) - obtain info from subs, make own decision.

3.C1(consultative) - consult with individual subs, make final decision on own.

4.C11(consultative) - consult with group of subs, make final decision on own

5.G11(group decision) - conslut with group and reach group decision.

 

Term

 

 

 

3 Types of Organizational Change Strategies

Definition

 

1. Empirical-Rational: based on belief that people are rational and will act according to self-interest.

2. Normative-Reeducative: Social norms underly patterns in organization. values and relationships bring about change.

3. Power-Coercive: Use rewards and punishment

Term

 

 

 

Centralized Communication Networks

Definition

 

 

All communication must pass through a central person - more efficient when tasks are simple and mundane, greater satisfaction only occurs for person who controls the information at the hub

Term

 

 

 

Decentralized Communication Network

Definition

 

 

 

Information flows freely between individuals, works best when job tasks are complex, and when cooperation is needed to complete task, results in greater satisfaction overall.

Term

 

 

 

Rational-Economic Model of Decision Making

Definition

 

 

Attempt to find the most rational decision to provide maximum benefit for the organization.

Term

 

 

 

Administrative Model of Decision Making

Definition

 

 

 

Evaluate solutions as they are presented and chose first solution that is minimally acceptable.

- AKA satisficing.

Term

 

 

 

Gender Issues in Organizations

Definition

1. Physical Appearance: Less attractive women are seen as more suitable to male executives

2. Leadership Style: Women are more likely to adopt participatory style while men are more autocrative and directive.

3. Evaluations: females are evaluated less favorably than men.

Term

 

 

 

Alderfer's ERG Theory

Definition

 

 

- Similar to Maslow's hierarchy but it only has three needs: existence, relatedness and growth.

- Needs do not arise in hierarchical order.

Term

 

 

 

McClelland's Need for Achievement

Definition

- Primary motivator is the need for achievement

- People with high nACh desire autonomy and recognition for efforts

- High nACh correlated with longer employment and better performance.

- Strongly related to entrepreneurial success

Term

 

 

 

Herzber's Two-Factor Theory

Definition

 

- Theory of motivation and satisfaction.

- Hygiene factors (pay, benefits and relationships).  When hygiene factors are absent, there is dissatisfaction.

- Motivation factors.  When present, worker is satisfied.

In order to increase satisfaction, motivation factors must be included.  Hygiene factors will not increase satisfaction.

Term

 

 

 

Job Characteristics Model for Job Meaningfulness

Definition

 

 

1. Skill variety - the more skills required the more meaningful it is.

2. Task Identity - Jobs that constitute a whole piece of work are more meaningful than those which consist of just a portion.

3. Task Significance - Jobs that have clear importance are more meaningful than those that don't

4. Autonomy - Jobs are more meaningful if they include worker independency, feedom, and decision making authority

5. Feedback - Jobs that provide built in feedback are more meaningful.

Term

 

 

 

Goal Setting Theory

Definition

 

 

Goals serve two needs. They are the basis for motivation and direct behavior.

- Goal attainment is maximized when goals are specific and moderately difficult.

- Worker participation in goal-setting increases the chance that goals will be adopted.

Term

 

 

 

Equity Theory

Definition

People assess their inputs and their outcomes.

- Individuals compute their input/output ratios.

- If the ratio is comparable, then a state of equity exists - maintain performance

- If the ratio is less or greater than others, inequity exists and employees are motivated to create equity.

Term

 

 

 

Expectancy Theory

Definition

 

 Motivation is a function of three variables:

1) expectancy beliefs - effort will lead to successful performance

2) instrumental beliefs - successful performance will result in certain outcomes.

3) Valence - how desirable are the outcomes.

Term

 

 

 

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Definition

 

 

Provide extrinsic rewards to intrinsically motivating tasks.

 

When rewards are taken away, tasks are no longer interesting and are not completed.

Term

 

 

 

Incentive Theory

Definition

 

 

Use of extrinsic rewards can raise productivity

 

Material rewards are considered to offer the most flexibility.

Term

 

 

 

Job Satisfaction - Personal Characteristics

Definition

 

- Age is positively related to satisfaction.

- Level in organization is positively related to satisfaction.

- Non-whites are more liekly to express dissatisfaction with job.

- Job satisfaction is a stable trait over time and across different jobs.

Term

 

 

 

Job Satisfaction - Job Characteristics

Definition

 

- Increased satisfaction may be due to rewards that higher paid workesrs get from job (challenge, autonomy, control)

- Perception that salary is fair may be more important than actual pay.

- Skill utilization is a strong determinant of job success.

Term

 

 

 

Compressed Work Week

Definition

 

 

Employee works fewer days but more hours per day (4/10)

- productivity is unaffected

- absenteeism decreases and job satisfaction increases

Term

 

 

 

Flextime

Definition

 

- Employees determine hours of work as long as they work the required hours

 

- Increases satisfaction, improves attitudes toward the job.

- Decreases absenteeism and tardiness.

Term

 

 

 

Work-Family Conflict

Definition

 

 

- Work-family conflicts are greates for women because they still retain primary responsibility for family.

- Work related expectations are better predictors for work-family conflicts for men.

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