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| knowledge as a truth claim; the type of knowledge that Epistemology is concerned with |
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| The method of finding out answers by constant questioning; form of inquiry and debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints |
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| Traditional Definition of Knowledge |
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Knowledge is a justified true belief
S knows P iff:
1) S believes P is true
2) P is true
3) S has good reasons for believing P |
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| by Edmund Gettier; said it is possible to have a JTB without knowledge; I believe it is 5:05, it is 5:05, and I have reasons for it, but it is not knowledge |
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| a.k.a defeasibility condition; there are no competing propositions that would cause belief to change in P; always possibility of defeaters in induction; omniscience required in consideration of defeaters |
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| a proposition that would cause one to renounce their belief in a former proposition |
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| to suspend judgment concerning knowledge claims |
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| the skeptical thesis is true and I know that it is true (Pyrrhonian) |
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| everything is brought into doubt |
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| The skeptical thesis is true but I don't know it is true, I just believe that it is true |
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| I know some things (analytical and empirical truths) but cannot know others (metaphysical) |
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| Descartes doubt of everything he knew from sense to reason to reality; includes dreaming hypothesis and Evil Demon hypothesis |
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| Hume's idea that something is logically true and therefore certain, but tells us nothing about reality (definitions, math); one of Hume's two types of knowledge |
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| Claims about reality are based on perceptions of which we can never be certain; one of Hume's two types of knowledge |
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| the problem posed by Hume of not being able to view reality outside of our own perceptions |
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| I need to recognize the limitations of my own cognitive abilities |
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| the predicate is contained in the subject (all bachelors are males) |
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| the predicate adds something to the subject (my car is blue) |
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| knowledge that is not dependent on the sense (induction) |
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| knowledge that is only evident through sense experience |
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| at least some knowledge of reality can be acquired through reason independent of sense experience |
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| all knowledge is ultimately derived from sense experience |
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| possibility of being wrong about something |
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| deduction and intuition to find knowledge to find an intuitively accepted universal truth |
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| knowledge that is arrived at immediately |
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| I think, therefore I am; Descartes |
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A Priori knowledge based on the idea of a God
1) God is the greatest possible being (by definition)
2) God exists at least in the mind or understanding
3) A being who exists only in the mind is not as great as a being who exists in reality as well as the mind
4) If God exists only in the mind, then he would not be the greatest possible being
5) Therefore, God must exist in reality as well as the mind |
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| Locke's idea that man is born on a blank slate on which sense experience will write all he will know |
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| enters the mind passively as a simple idea |
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| how the mind actively creates complex ideas through process of combination, comparison and contrast, and abstraction from simple ideas |
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| Locke's idea; two elements, the object out in reality and then the perception of that object in our mind (idea); we can never directly experience the actual thing, just our idea of it |
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| you cannot observe the thing itself, but its existence is necessary for observation; Kant |
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| Categories of Understanding |
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| born with these that help us to understand sense experience; called "synthetic A Priori knowledge" |
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| "raw data"; the empirical observations |
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| the manipulation of our mind and organization of the information into knowledge |
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| Correspondence Theory of Truth |
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| A proposition is true if it corresponds with the facts of reality; held by Aristotle and Plato; links truth with reality |
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| Coherence Theory of Truth |
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| A proposition is true if it coheres with other truth claims; reject false propositions that do not cohere; systems and non-factual areas work this way |
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| Pragmatic Theory of Truth |
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| A proposition is true if it is successful in explaining the phenomena or in achieving desired consequences |
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| the structure of one's system of beliefs; the sum total of everything that a person believes; includes false and true beliefs and beliefs we are not thinking about |
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| the epistemic obligation for us to justify our beliefs |
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| beliefs fall into basic and non-basic beliefs; properly basic beliefs are first principles needing no justification and are self-justifying |
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| relationship between non-basic and basic beliefs is deductive; truth of basic beliefs guarantees truth of non-basic |
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criteria for basic belief is:
1) Self Evidential
2) Incorrigible
3) Evident to the Senses |
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| the false idea that senses involve little interpretation; refuted by "theory laden" world |
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Criteria for properly basic belief:
1) Self-evidential
2) Indefeasible (absence of defeaters)
3) Prima Facie Justified (self-presenting at face value) |
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| no propositions can defeat the currently held proposition |
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| All of the beliefs complement each other, but none contradict. None are basic; everything is in harmony; there are, however, centralized beliefs |
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| what justifies a belief is that it coheres with beliefs around it |
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| coherentism isolates belief from the external world; what is real does not matter as long as it is coherent |
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| I have introspective access to the reasons for my beliefs and I must appeal as justification for my beliefs |
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| one does not need to access basic beliefs or be aware of structural relationship in order be justified; belief must be arrived at through proper cognitive process |
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| it is wrong to believe something on insufficient evidence; modest- allows for abduction and concurrence and beliefs do not need to be grounded in other beliefs, they have indefeasibility |
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| Justification is a condition that occurs when one's cognitive faculties are working reliably; justification is result of belief being in right relationship to the world whether I am aware of it or not |
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| What are the three types of knowledge? |
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1) Acquaintance "I know Bill"
2) Competency "I know French"
3) Truth Claims "I know that John F. Kennedy was once POTUS" (Epistemology) |
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| Skepticism v. Ordinary Doubt |
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| Doubt means that there is an answer, skepticism says that we should suspend judgments with knowledge claims |
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1) Differences in human beings
2) Difference between sense organs
3) Differences in occurrence |
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| 4 Parts of Systematic Doubt |
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1) Senses
2) Reason
3) Dreaming Hypothesis
4) Evil Demon Hypothesis |
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There are 2 kinds of knowledge:
1) Relations of Ideas
2) Matters of Fact |
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| the assumptions of cause and effect between two events are not necessarily real or true |
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| Plato's Theory of Knowledge |
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2 Worlds:
1) World of Becoming: world we are in now; constant change
2) World of Being: perfect archetype of everything; contains forms of everything in the world; where we existed before birth
We innately contain all knowledge, it just must be extracted; lost through the trauma of birth |
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| famous for gov't writings and Biblical commentaries; knowledge divided into external sensations and internal reflection; epistemological dualism |
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| radical empiricism; knowledge divided into relations of ideas and matters of fact |
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| disagreed with Hume's conclusion (believed in casualty, time and space), argued transcendentally; divided knowledge into noumena and phenomena |
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| Arguments against Correspondence Theory |
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| we may not see reality equally or accurately; no use for on-factual claims; the term "correspondence" is vague; doesn't account for the Liar's paradox |
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| Arguments Against Coherence Theory |
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| Coherence necessary but not sufficient for truth; how does one judge truthfulness of systems?; how does one begin a system?; the theory is separated from reality |
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| 3 Characteristics of Noetic Structure |
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1) Person's noetic structure includes the sum total of everything that person believes
2) Recognizes differing degrees of certainty, firmness, and conviction
3) Characterized by how beliefs are related together |
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| Criticism of Strong Foundationalism |
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| self defeating; myth of the given |
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| Criticisms of Coherentism |
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1) Circularity- begs the question
2) Isolation Problem- has nothing to do with reality
3) Plurality Problem- it is possible to have two coherent systems that are logically incompatible |
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| Motivation of Internalism |
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| we have an epistemic obligation to form beliefs responsibly through justification |
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| Motivation of Externalism |
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| Accords with our basic intuitions concerning most of our beliefs |
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| some beliefs are warranted in holding that are impossible to justify; memory and senses; but we have an epistemic duty to withhold from affirming beliefs without sufficient evidence; externalism can have internalism, but not vice versa |
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