Term
| Epidermiology is a combination of disiplines used to |
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Definition
Identify disease
Deterimine cause of disease
Observe the distribution of a disease in a population
Who, What, When, and Where |
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Term
| Robert Koch came up with what? |
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Definition
| Germ theory of disease- a specific orginizim causes a specific disease |
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Definition
| The scientific study of disease |
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Definition
| The study of the causation of disease |
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Definition
| any microorganism or toxin which causes a disease. |
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Definition
| The development of disease, The origin of the disease and the path leading to that disease |
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Term
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Definition
| The succsesful invasion of a body by a pathogenic microorgansim |
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Definition
| Any adverse internal condition severe enough to interfere with normal bodily functioning. |
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Definition
| remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months before disapearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal Microbia remain a part of the a person throughout their entire life. found on skin, mucos membrane of the digestive tract, upper resperatory tract, distal portion of the urethra |
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Term
| What are the three types of symbiotic relationships |
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Definition
Mutualism
Communalism
Paricitism |
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Term
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Definition
| Both members benefit from relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| One member of the relationship benefits without significantly harming the other |
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Term
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Definition
| A parasite benifits from the host while harming it. |
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Term
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Definition
| microorganisms that cause diseae when the immune system is surppressed, when the microbial antagonism is reduced, or when introduced into an abnormal area of the body |
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Term
| Normal Microbia protect the Host by |
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Definition
Microbial Antagonism
occupying nitches that pathogens might occupy
producing acids
producing bacteriocons |
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Term
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Definition
| substance produced by bacteria to prevent growth of similar starins |
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Term
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Definition
live microbes applied to or ingested into the body
beneficial effect
acidophils or lactobaccilus |
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Term
| Sequence of Events of infectionor disease |
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Definition
Occurance depends on host resitance and predisosing factors
Reservior of pathogens
transmition of pathogens
Adherence/invasion/colinization/multiplication
injury/pathogenisis
Exit host
Survive to reinfect |
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Term
Classifiying a disease
Sign |
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Definition
| In pathology, objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed or measured by others. |
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Term
Classifiyng a disease
Symptom |
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Definition
| Subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone |
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Term
Classifying a disease
Syndrome |
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Definition
| A group of symptoms, signs, and diseases that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal conditon |
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Term
Classifing a disease
Sequalae |
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Definition
Post infection changes in the body due to an infection
May be felt sooner or later
Post measles sspe- Subcletorizing Panenchphalitis Endrocarditis from Rumatic fever (streptococcus)
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Term
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Definition
A disease that can be transfered from person to person
composed of a
Reservior
Portal of entry
Portal of exit |
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Term
| Noncommunicapable disease |
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Definition
| A disease that cannot be trasmitted from person to person |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of new cases in an area in a given amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| The total number of cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given amount of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| any change in the state of health |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of people that are killed |
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Term
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Definition
| any disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that occurs in onnly a few scattered cases within a given area or poulation during a given period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| A disease that is not clearly seen |
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Term
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Definition
| An infection having a long incubation period, caused by a slow virus or prion |
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Term
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Definition
Immunity of a population
Immunity is a combination of natural and aqquired immunity
Many immune individuals to a disease in a population may act to decrease the severity and duration of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| an infetion involving bacteria that invade the body at a specific point and remain there multiplying until eliminated |
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Term
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Definition
| an inection involving bacteria that invade the body at a specific point and remain there, multiplying, until eliminated |
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Term
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Definition
| a local infection that causes infection and symptoms in other parts of the body. example=tetnus |
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Term
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Definition
| the presance of bacteria in the blood. example= Stap Auerous and Strep Pneummia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of poison in blood called toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral infection of the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| The originating infection. The orginal outbreak of an illness which the body has no opportunity to build antibodies against. |
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Term
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Definition
| a secondary infection is an infection that occurs during or after treatment of another, already existing infection, it may result from treatment itself or from alterations in the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| infection that does not show any signs or symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage of infectious disease process between infection an occurance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease. |
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Term
| Factors that determine the epidemiology of a disease |
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Definition
Population characteristics
Dose
Incubation Period |
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Term
| Stages of Development of a disease |
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Definition
Incubation period
Prodominal period
Period of illness
Period of Decline
Period of Convalenence |
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Term
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Definition
| In the infectious disease process, the short stage of generalized, mild symptoms that preceeds illness |
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Term
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Definition
| period of infectious disease process, the stage with the most severe signs and symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| in infectious disease process, the stage of declining signs and symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| In the infectious disease process, the period no signs and symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| living or nonliving sources of infectious disease |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
Animal diseases- Mad Cow and Rabies
Diseases that are natualy spread from usual animal host to human |
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Term
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Definition
| a special group of diseases that may be aqquired by a woman during pregnancy |
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Term
Transmition of disease
Horizontal |
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Definition
person to person involving contact
Ingestion of food and water
via a living agent such as an insect |
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Term
Transmition of a disease
Vertical |
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Definition
Transplacental
Mother to child during childbirth
TORCH disease |
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Term
| Direct contact transmition |
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Definition
| Transmition of a pathogen via bodily contact |
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Term
| Indirect contact transmition |
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Definition
| Spread of a pathogen using an inatimite object (fomite) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spread of a pathogen from one host to another via aerosols, coughing sneezing and exhaling. |
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Term
| Foodborne vehicle transmittion |
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Definition
contaminatied animal products
cross contamination
inproper handling/cooking/handling of food |
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Term
| Waterborne vehicle Transmition |
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Definition
| Sewage contaminated water |
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Term
| Airborne vehicle transmition |
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Definition
| Inhalation of particles or droplet nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmition of disease causeing agent via a living organism ussually an arthropod or an archnid |
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Term
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Definition
| body part of vector picks up and transmits disease |
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Term
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Definition
Vector is required as part of parasites life
vector injects infecting agent during blood meal
Vector deficates and deposits infectious angent on individuals skin |
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Term
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Definition
(hospital aquired infection)
are required as the result of a hospital stay
5-15% of all hospital patients aquire nosomical infections. |
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Term
| Nosomical Infection transmition |
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Definition
medical infection
health care personel
airborne |
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Term
| How can we prevent patients and health care personel from developing a nosomical infection? |
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Definition
| Using Universal Percautions |
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Term
| Relative frequency of nosomical infections |
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Definition
Urinary tract infections- 34%
Surgical Infections- 17%
Lower resperatory- 13%
Bacteriamia because of catheranization- 14%
other sites including skin- 22% |
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Term
| Causes of Nosomical infections |
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Definition
Gram positive cocci 34% (28%-87% R)
Gram negative rods 32% (3%-34% R)
C. Diff 17% (17% R)
Fungi 10% |
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Term
| Emerging ifectious disease |
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Definition
| Diseases that are new, increaseing in incedence, or showing the potential to increase in the near future. |
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Term
| Contributing factors to emerginf diseases |
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Definition
Evolution of new strains
Inappropriate use of antibiotics or pesticides
changes in weather patterns
Modern transportation (west nile)
Ecological disaster, war, settlments (coccidomycosics)
Animal control measures (lyme disease)
Public health faliure (Diptheria) |
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Term
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Definition
| study of where, when, why, and how diseases occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| mapped the occurance of cholera in London |
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Term
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Definition
| showed that hand washing decreased the number of puerperal fever cases |
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Term
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Definition
| Showed that improved sanitation decreasees the epidemic typus |
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Term
| Descriptive Epidermiological Study |
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Definition
collection and analysis of data regarding the occurance of diseases (Snow)
describes who where and when. |
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Term
| Analytical Epidermiological Study |
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Definition
| comparison of a diseased gorup and a healthy group (nightengale) |
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Term
| Exsperimental epidermiological study |
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Definition
| study of a disease using contolled exsperiments (semmelweis) |
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Term
| Cas Reporting epidermiological studies |
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Definition
| heath care workers are required to report specific diseases to local, state, and national offices |
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Term
| National notifiable diseases epidermiological studies |
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Definition
| pycians are required to report occurance |
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Term
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Definition
| anyalitical- looks at cohorts in one point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Looks at the past for answers |
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Term
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Definition
| Follows a cohort to determine the rate of a certain outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| an inactive substance administered to a group in a control trial in order that any effects of exsperimental treatment can be determined |
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Term
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Definition
| Exsperiment in which neither the reasearcher nor the patient know which treatment the subject recieves |
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Term
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Definition
| The standard comparison against which observation or conclusion may be checked for valididty |
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Term
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Definition
| the group that is given somthing to be measuered |
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