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Details

Epidemiology
ID Epi (T Pierce)
28
Health Care
Graduate
10/01/2010

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
percentage of worldwide deaths due to ID's
Definition
1/3 (including 63% of deaths in Africa)
Term
Factors influencing emergence
Definition

 

1.  Population Growth/Zoonotic interface

2.  Change in underlying health of community (concomitant

     infection, starvation, etc.)

3.  Speed of travel

4.  Geographic alterations (homes, dams, forests, etc.)

5.  Climate changes

6.  War and social disruption

7.  Changing living patterns

8.  Medical advances

Term
reproduction number (R0)
Definition
average number of secondary cases produced in a n infectious host when exposed to susceptible population
Term
What reproductive number guarentees spread
Definition
  • R0 greater than R
    • R = average number of secondary cases in a mixed community
  • R0 is always greater than 1
Term
What can influence secondary attack rate
Definition
  • level of susceptibility of population
  • level of social interaction amongst susceptibles
  • interaction of those ill and those susceptible
  • result- widely varying R levels for same disease process
Term
incubation period
Definition
interval from infection to onset of clinical illness
Term
generation time
Definition
interval from infection to time of maximal infectivity for others
Term
herd immunity
Definition
  • Resistance of entire group to disease process or health condition based on immune status of some significant number of group
Term

pathogenicity

 

Definition
ability of agent to produce clinically apparent disease in host
Term
CFR is marker for what?
Definition
virulence
Term
What determines whether a person will experience an infectious disease
Definition

l1)  Exposure to the infectious agent
l2)  Susceptibility to infection (underlying health status)
l3)  Specific Immunity to particular infectious agent
Term
factors determining exposure to infectious agent
Definition

 

lWHO YOU ARE -
Gender/Ethnicity
Cultural Factors
lWHAT YOU DO
Occupation
Behavioral Patterns
Hospitalization/Institutionalization
Sexual activity
Travel
Hygienic Patterns
Term
factors affecting occurence and severity of disease
Definition

 

lWHAT’S YOUR HEALTH -
Immunity
Immune Status
Nutritional Status
Co-existing infection
lHOW ARE YOU EXPOSED
Portal of Entry
Infectious Dose
Term
properties of infectious agent that affect host response
Definition

Morphology of the Infectious Agent
Growth Requirements…………
Toxin Production………….
Antibiotic Resistance………..
Pathogenic Mechanism……….
Term
Factors in classifying infectious agent
Definition

 

lBy Microbiologic properties
lBy Mode of transmission
lBy Pathogenic mechanism
lBy Reservoir of organism
Term
classifications of modes of transmission
Definition

 

lBy generation: “Horizontal” or “Vertical” (perinatal)
lBy contact: “Direct” or “Indirect”
lBy vehicle:  “Vector-borne”, “Food/water-borne”, “airborne”, “Device-borne”
lBy source:  “Point source”, “Continuing source”, “Person-to-person” 
Term
Why classify infectious agents by mode of transmission
Definition

 

lHelps in understanding etiology of clinical syndrome
lAllows public health intervention before identification
Term
Essential elements of epidemic to develop
Definition

 

lAppropriate” infectious agent

       Example:  Salmonella

l“Sufficient” number of susceptibles

        Example:  Measles

l“Mechanism” that allows for rapid spread

         Example:  Legionellosis

Term
circumstances that increase likelihood of epidemic
Definition

 

lChange in dose of agent
lChange in virulence of agent
lChange in mode of transmission
lChange in susceptibility of host
lChange in cultural/behavioral aspect of host
Term
factors making person to person transmission likely
Definition
  • Individual:  Prior exposure to agent (immunity); immune status; general health status
  • Social:  “Closed” community; behavioral issues; cultural patterns
  • Environment:  Climate change; use of intermediate vehicle for transmission (water, food, etc.)
Term
features of the infectious agent that make person to person transmission more likely
Definition

lHigh infectivity of organism

       Example:  Measles

l“Short” generation time (as compared to incubation period)

       Example:  Varicella

lAbility of organism to exist in “carrier” state

     Example:  Hepatitis B

Term
types of carrier states for infectious agents
Definition

 

Inapparent  -  Polio, meningococcus

Incubatory  -  Measles, chicken pox

Convalescent -  Salmonella, diphtheria

Chronic    -  Typhoid, HIV, Hepatitis B

Term
equation for vaccine efficacy
Definition

ARunvaccinated - ARvaccinated

  ARunvaccinated

AR = attack rate

Term
equation for vaccine coverage
Definition

 

Nvaccinated

Nvaccinated + Nunvaccinted

Term
Limit spread of infectious agents
Definition

 

Environment:  Sanitation, water purification

Social:  Behavioral change, barrier protection

Host:  Prophylactic medications, immunization

Term
immunogenicity
Definition
Ability of agent to produce immune response   in a host
Term
infectivity
Definition
Ability of agent to invade and multiply in host
Term
virulence
Definition

  •  Ability of agent to produce severe disease in a host
    • LD50- number of organisms needed to cause death in 50% of infected host
    • ID50- number of organisms needed to cause infection in 50% of hosts

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