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Epidemiology
Exam 4
27
Other
Undergraduate 3
11/18/2009

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Term
Frequency Measures
Definition
used to describe nominal (categorized or labeled) data. 2 possible categories (ex: alive/dead, exposed/not exposed)
Term
Dichotomous variables
Definition
make a 2-way choice; they are ratios, proportions and rates. [ x/y(10^n) ] x and y are being compared
Term
Ratio
Definition
x and y may be independent of each other (males vs. females) or x may be included in y (females vs. total population)
Term
Proportion
Definition
a ratio, where x is included in y
Term
Rate
Definition
a ratio, often a proportion that measures occurrence of an event over time = # of cases or events/given time times 10^n pop. at risk/same given time.
Term
Rate formula requires:
Definition
1) cases must be from pop in denominator.
2) both in same time period
3)denominator population must be at risk, possibility of experiencing event
Term
EMS
Definition
Eosinophilia Myalgia Syndrome. increase in eosinophils (WBC that attack worms/toxins) and severe muscle pain (chest or abdomen). by ingestion of L-tryptophan(health sleep aid)
Term
Ratios, proportions and rates are used to describe 3 epidemiological events:
Definition
1) mobidity (disease)
2) Mortality (death)
3) natality (birth)
Term
Morbitity
Definition
Used to describe the presence or risk of disease in a population. Disease= illness, injury or disability.
Term
Incidence Rates
Definition
Most common. rates are better for comparing occurrence, cuz rates adjust the data for population size. New cases/given time times 10^n
Pop. at risk/same given time.
Measures/compares risk
Term
Incidence Rate numerator
Definition
only new cases (none before)
Term
Incidence rate denominator
Definition
1)pop. at risk (be susceptible, Large pop.-diff to eliminate non-sus; small pop-can be eliminated. 2)pop must originate numerator cases (geographically, membership, experience) 3) size at start, middle or avg size of pop.
Term
Incidence rate implies
Definition
change over time. period of time must be specified. (yr most common)
Term
Prevalence Rate
Definition
new +pre-existing (all) cases/given time times 10^n. pop at risk/same given time. Can be point (day) or interval (week)
Term
Chronic disease with unclear onset date
Definition
prevalence.
Term
Attack rate.
Definition
(risk of becoming a case) narrow population for limited time. new cases/given time over pop at risk/ begin of period times 100 (percentage)
Term
Secondary Attack Rate
Definition
new cases among contacts of primary/given time over total # of contacts times 100
Term
Person-Time Rate
Definition
incidence rate. for cohort studies with long incubation periods.
Term
person-time vs. attack rate
Definition
person-time take into account persons lost in followup, attack ignore them. attack - proportion of pop becoming ill in short time period. person-time - how quick ppl develop illness over time.
Term
risk ratio
Definition
health risk between 2 groups. exposed to non exposed.
Term
Pellagra
Definition
deficiency of niacin (lack of vitamin B in diet) 3D - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia. flour protected mill workers.
Term
risk ratio
Definition
greater than 2 - strong association.
Term
Rate Ratio
Definition
compare rates of 2 grps.
Term
odds ratio
Definition
RETROSPECTIVE> exposure among cases to exposure among controls. indirect measure of risk. dont need pop size.
Term
diabetes
Definition
glucose >126
Term
gain pop health knowledge
Definition
data collection
data analysis
interpretation
dissemination of info
involves: public, health care providers and health agencies.
Term
goal of public health surveillance
Definition
improve public health. by: identify problems, set priorities, plan programs, implement programs, evaluate programs.
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