Term
| ultimate origins of infectious disease |
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Definition
-escape from restriction in animals
-access of vectors(mosquito etc)
-drug resist mutations/plasmic exchange of est pathogen
-retroviruses arise in evolution of animals
-accidental biohazard
-military biothreat |
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Term
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Definition
-recent pathogen "guests" usually most dangerous
-older diseases relatively kind cuz most seriously affected humans died out
-very long term guests can become symbionts- useful or essential- and over long evolut time- become endosymbiotic part of host genome (mitochondria) |
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Term
Escape from restriction
(origin of infectious disease) |
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Definition
origin of plagues- DANGEROUS are the new plagues
-canine parvovirus (cat to dog xfer)
-zoonotic epidemics (animal to human)
examples: sars,, bird flu, hiv, influenza, ebola, mad cow
-not all diseases propagate as epidemics in humans |
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Term
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Definition
varies between individuals- different Human leucocyte antigen genes/immunological T-System
-pt immunological exposure to pathogens history- programs immune T-system to respond |
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Term
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Definition
in 1980's threat in US thought to have passed and incidence slowly decreasing
1989 incidence increased and disease not going away (due to AIDS epidemic) |
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Term
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Definition
| investigation of factors that determine the FREQUENCE AND DISTRIBUTION of disease or other health-related within a defined human population during a specified period |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in incidence of diseases, etc. in a defined human population that is in excess of that which was expected during a specified period |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diseases etc. that are constantly present in human population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
widespread epidemics that achieve large geographic proportions
examples: flu/HIV/Sars |
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Term
| Influenza A Virus Pandemic in 20th century |
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Definition
3 pandemics spread all world
-Spanish flu (H1N1): 50million die worldwide
-asian flu (H2N2): 70000death in US originate in China feb 1957 spread to us by june 1957
-Hong Kong flu (H3N2) : 34000die in US- 1968 originate in Hong Kong spread to us that year |
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Term
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Definition
HA: hemagglutinin
NA: neuraminidase
Helical nucleocapsid (bird v human)
polymerase complex/ M1 protein (bird v human) |
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Term
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Definition
occur among viruses with segmented genomes
-mix genome segments into new sets
-result in reassorted viruses which display properties differ from either parent
-important to epidemiology of influenza viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV infection: most common cause of death in persons aged 25-44 |
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Term
| Primary prevention (definition) |
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Definition
promote health
facilitate health-enhancing behaviors
prevent health-compromising behaviors
prevent environmental exposures
decrease disease INCIDENCE |
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Term
| Examples of Primary prevention |
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Definition
Immunization programs (tetanus vacc for teens/MMR vacc for first-time moms)
sanitation/sewer systems
water purification/chlorination
water fluoridation
prenatal care
health promotion/disease prevention (pap smear screaning) education (sex ed) |
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Term
| Secondary prevention (def) |
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Definition
| early detection AND TREATMENT of diseases |
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Term
| Secondary prevention examples |
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Definition
Screening for risk factors (commun screen for chronic disease risk factors)
screen for subclinical disease (screen for infectious disease markers)
facilitate EARLY detection/EARLY diagnosis/EARLY treatment (prenatal screening programs)
-decreasing disease PREVALENCE |
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Term
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Definition
disease disease
present absent
positive result correct type 2 err
TP FP
neg result type 1 err Correct
FN TN |
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Term
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Definition
100 x TP / (TP +FN)
correctly have / correct have and type 1 err
*Ability to detect true positive |
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Term
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Definition
100 x TN / (TN +FP)
correct dont have / correct dont have and type 2 err
*Ability to dectect true negatives |
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Term
| tertiary prevention (def and example) |
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Definition
reduction of complications of diseases and improvement in pt's level of function through palliative treatment and rehabilitation therapy
-Rehabilitate after disease (after episode of clinical disease)
-rehabilitate after injury
-decreasing likelihood of RECURRENCE of clinical disease |
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Term
| Spectrum of infectious disease |
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Definition
exposure
incubation (time between invasion by organism and development of symptoms)
symptoms
recovery, latency, or death
recurrence |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease neither occurs by chance nor is it distributed randomly in a population |
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Term
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Definition
common source
point source
propagative (progressive) |
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Term
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Definition
exposure from a single source- all susceptible individuals are exposed to a specific pathogen originating from a common source
curve- exposures over short ocurse of time (few hours or days) |
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Term
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Definition
exposure from a single source at one point in time (picnic)-all susceptible individuals are exposed to a specific pathogen at the same time
-can be considered a type of common source epidemic in that the exposure is quick and simultaneous
curve- steep peak exposures at same time |
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Term
mode of transmission for common source
and for point source |
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Definition
| primarily indirect- through food water air - NOT person to person |
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Term
| Propagative (progressive) epidemic |
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Definition
person to person direct (STD/flu/measles/viral hepatitis)
person to person indirect (vectorborne-malaria,yellow fever)
curve-usually a series of successively larger peaks, reflective of the increasing number of cases caused by person-person contact, until the pool of susceptibles is exhausted |
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Term
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Definition
# new cases during a specific period/ # people at risk at same period
expressed as a percentage- so multiply by 100 |
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Term
| measures of morbidity/mortality |
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Definition
incidence v. prevalence
person-years
fatality rates
mortality rates (infant, neonatal, maternal etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
# NEW cases in population over a specified period of time
# new cases during specific period/ total midperiod population at risk |
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Term
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Definition
# existing cases in a population over a specified period of time
# exist cases during a specific period/total population at risk |
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Term
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Definition
| # exist cases during specific point of time/ total midpoint population at risk |
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Term
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Definition
| # exist cases during a specific period of time/ total midperiod pop at risk |
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Term
| relation between incidence and prevalence |
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Definition
prevalence = incidence x duration of disease
p=i x DD |
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Term
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Definition
| # persons x # years followed in a study = # person-years |
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Term
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Definition
| case fatality, infant/menonatal/perinatal/maternal/ annual crude/age-specific/cause-specific/proportionate mortality |
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Term
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Definition
| # deaths due to disease/# people with disease (x 100) |
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Term
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Definition
# infant deaths (less than one yr) x 1000/ # live births during same year = # per 1000
*Completely exclusive of stillbirths |
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Term
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Definition
"neonatal" = birth to 28 days postpartum
# neonatal deaths x 1000/# live births during year |
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Term
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Definition
"perinatal" 20-28 wk gestation to 1-4 wek postpartum
#perinatal death x1000/ #live births during year |
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Term
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Definition
#deaths from puerperal causes x 100,000/ # live births during year
-# pregnancy related deaths to # live births per 100,000
-puerperal period interval between birth and 4-6 wek postpartum |
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Term
| annual crude mortality rate |
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Definition
| All deaths in year/total midyear population |
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Term
| age-specific mortality rate |
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Definition
| # ppl died in partic age group x 1000/total midyear population of that age group |
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Term
| cause-specific mortality rate |
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Definition
| # deaths due to partic disease x 1000/total midyear population |
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Term
| proportionate mortality rate |
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Definition
| # deaths due to partic disease x 100/total # deaths from all causes |
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Term
| human diversity in relation to biothreat -good example of personalized medicine |
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Definition
-1-2 amino acids per protein differ between people
*minimum for evolution
-humans benefit from variation in proteins-so at least a few will survive an unpredictable epidemic
-HIV and variaiton in human cell receptors
-HLA proteins (immune system proteins present peptides of pathogens after proteolytic cleavage)
-HLA variations are important part of population genomic sampling- HLA highly polymorphic
-Vaccines must be designed to take account of HLA variations in human genome to avoid autoimmune disease |
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Term
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Definition
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can identify DNA/RNA of pathogen
-nucleic acid based biosensor chips |
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Term
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Definition
start with scaffold hold B-epitopes, molecular adjuvants/stimulates
-built by synthetic peptide chemisty- improve chemosynthesis shows pure structures give better responses
-raise antibodies in host animal- isolate antibodies for protein chip
-displace ligand linked to chem substance and detect electrochemical cascade |
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Term
| new synthetic cartridge vaccines |
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Definition
raise antibodies in patient- avoid patient epitopes which could raise deleterious autoimmune effect
-antibody-based biosensor is "half-way house" to vaccine |
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