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| The progression of a disease through successive stages, often used to describe the course of an illness for which no effective treatment is available. |
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| The proportion of people in a given population that has a particular disease at a point or interval of time. The # of existing cases of the disease of interest in a populations. |
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| measeures the rapidity with which newly diagnosed cases of the disease of interest develop. |
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| A person who is newly diagnosed witha disease of interest. |
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| A systemic error in a study that arises from the manner in which subjects are sampled. |
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| A systematic error in a study that arises from mixing of the effect of the exposer of interest with other associated correlates of the disease outcomes. |
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| an association between summary characteristics across populations without actual linkage of the characteristics within individual persons. Ex: POpulations may have high incidence rates of AIDS and TB witout the same persons being affected by both conditions. |
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| Positive Predictive Value |
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Definition
| Positive Predictive Value (PV+) is the precentage of persons with positive test results who actually have the disease of interest. Allows estimation of how likely it is that the disease of interest is present if the test is positive. PV+ = True positives/true positives-False positives X 100. PV+ is the precentage of persons with positive test results who have a disease |
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| Negative predictive value |
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| PV- is defined as the percentage of persons with negative results who do not have the disease of interest. PV-= True negatives/ True negative-false negatives X 100. |
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| measures concerning the estimation of the probability of the presence or absence of disease. |
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| The probability that a person who actually has the disease of interest will have a positive test result. |
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| the probabilty that a person who actually does not have the disease of interest will have a negative (normal) test result. |
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| a group of persons that shares a common attribute, such as birth in a particular year or residence in a particular town, and is followed over time. |
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| an observational study in which subjects are sampled based on the presence (exposed) or absence (unexposed) of a risk factor of interest. These subjects are followed over time for the development of a disease outcome of interest. |
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| an experimental study that is designed to compare the theraputic benefits of two or more treatments. |
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| an observational study in which subjects are sampled based on the presence (cases) or absence (controls) of the disese of interest. Information is collected about earlier exposer to risk factors of interest. |
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| the extent to which the occurrence of a risk factor is responsible for the subsequent occurence of a disease outcome. |
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| an analytic investigation on which subjects are sampled at a fixed point or period of time, and the associations between the concurrent presence or absence of risk factors and diseases are then investigated. |
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| a group of cases if a disese closely linked in time, place or occurrence, or both. |
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| incorrect characterization of the status of subjects with regard to a study variable, leading to a distorted conclusion. |
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| a systematic error in a study that arises form the manner in which subjects are sampled. |
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an infection is said to be "endemic" in a human population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs.
belonging or native to a particular people or country b: characteristic of or prevalent in a particular field, area, or environment.restricted or peculiar to a locality or region; endemic diseases |
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| the usual rate of occurrence of particular events within a population. |
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| an elevated occurrence of a disease accross a wide geographic area, affecting a substantial proportion of a population. |
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| time between exposer to a risk factor and subsequent developement of clinical manifestations of a particular disease. i.e. time between exposer to a risk factor and development of a disease |
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| a dramatic increase above the usual or expected rate of occurrence of particular events within a population. |
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| a test result that is abnormal (positive) despite the true absence of the disease of interest or a study result that incorrectly suggests an effect, when in truth, the purported effect does not exist. |
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| a test result that is normal (negative) despite the true absence of the disease of interest or a study result that incorrectly fails to identify a true effect. |
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| the time interval between contact with a risk factor (often an infectious agent) and the first clinical evidence of the resulting illness. |
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| is the decrease in risk of a given activity or treatment in relation to a control activity or treatment. It is the inverse of the number needed to treat Ex:a hypothetical drug which reduces the risk of colon cancer by 50%. Colon CA is rare 1 in 3,000 in every 5 year period. The rate of colon cancer for a 5-year treatment with the drug is therefore 1/6,000, as by treating 6,000 people with the drug, one can expect to reduce the number of colon cancer cases from 2 to 1. |
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| Or risk ratio is the likelihood of the occurrence of a particular disease among persons exposed to a given risk factor divided by the corresponding likelihood among unexposed persons. |
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| the inital person(s) affected by a particular illness during an outbreak |
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| a nonrandom error in a study that leads to a distorted result |
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| the proportion of persons within a population who develop a particular outcome within a specified period of time. |
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| a sudden, unexpected increase in the occurrence of a disesae within a relatively limited geographic area. |
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| apparent increase in the length od survival of patients witha disease as a result of earlier detection of the disease through the use of a screening procedure. |
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| a set of standard criteria for deciding whether a person has a particular disease or other health-related condition. Helps dx every case the same way regardless of when or where it occurred. |
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| signs, symtom and confirmed laboratory |
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| Acute onset of 3 of the 4 known symptoms of a disease |
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| Acute onset of 2 of 4 known symptoms odf a disease. |
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| The period of years, decades, days , weeekd or months when the number of cases reported is greater than normal. |
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| Secular (long-term) trends |
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| annual cases or rate of occurrence of a disease over a period of years |
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