Term
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Definition
| science that evaluates the occurrence, determinants, distribution and control of health and disease in a human population |
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| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - National. World Health Organization - Worldwide |
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| maintaining a relatively steady low level frequency at a moderately regular interval, often associated w. geographic location |
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| sudden, unexpected ocurrence of disease usually focal or in a limited segment of population. |
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| sudden increase in frequency above expected number (effects whole population) |
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| increase in disease occurence within large population over wide region (usu worldwide) |
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| vibrio cholerae. small intestines are infected. diarhhea and vomiting leads to dehydration that can lead to death. treatments: oral and IV fluids, antibiotics. Haiti: UN workers brought it in and it was not endemic |
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Term
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Definition
| # of ill individuals within pop over time |
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| total # infected in population |
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| # dead in time period/prevalence |
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| time between entry of pathogen and development of signs and symptoms |
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Definition
| onset of signs and symptoms that are not specific enough to reach a diagnosis (often contagious) |
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| peak; disease is most severe and displays characteristic signs and symptoms. This is where immune response is triggered. |
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| Decline, recovery, convalescence |
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Definition
| signs and symptoms begins to disappear. |
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| objective changes in the body such as fever or rash that can be observed directly |
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| subjective changes such as pain or loss of appetite that are personally experienced |
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Definition
determine:
- causative agent
- source or reservoir
- mechanism of transmission
- host and environmental factors that facilitate development of disease
- control measures
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| rapid increase up to peak then rapid, but not as much as the increase, decline in cases. duration equals approximately one incubation period for the disease. higher peak and lower duration than propagated. ex food poisoning, cholera, legionairres |
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| curve has a gradual rise and gradual decline. cases usu reported over a time interval equivalent to several incubation periods. ex strep throat |
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Definition
| vaccination or infection of a portion of the population provides protection to unprotected individuals. |
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Definition
| can be altered by: intruduction of new susceptible individuals, changes in the pathogen (antigenic shift or drift) this is why there are new flu vaccines every year |
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Definition
| large changes in genes such as recombination (swine flu) |
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Definition
| smaller changes in genes that take a while to make a difference |
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Term
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Definition
| H is hemagglutianin, N is nureminidase. Has to do with surface proteins |
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| methods of direct contact |
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Definition
| horizontal: kissing or sex. airborne droplets from sneezing or talking. vertical contact: mother to fetus. vector: insect |
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| methods of indirect contact |
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Definition
| fomites: inanimate objects. food/water/biological products. airborne through dust. |
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Definition
| comes from bird poop in caves or ground |
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| contact mode of transmission |
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Definition
| person to person either directly or by intermediate object |
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Definition
| inanimate object involved in transmission. includes water, food, fomites (objects) |
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Term
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Definition
| a living being that transfers disease. external or mechanical: carries on its body. the pathogen does not grow on the vector in this case. internal: carried within the vector. harborage: no changes. biologic: pathogen changes within vector (life cycle) |
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| why has disease increased recently? |
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Definition
| population growth, migration, encroachment on wild habitats, food processing, microbial evolution, climate change, poor sanitation... |
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| 3 types of control measures |
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Definition
| reduce or eliminate source, break connection b/w source and susceptible individual, reduce number of susceptible individuals |
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Definition
| quarantine carriers. destroy animal reservoirs. treat sewage. reduce or eliminate infectivity (hygeine) |
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| control: break connection |
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Definition
| chloride treat water. pasteurize milk. supervise and inspect food more thoroughly. destroy insect vectors (pesticides) |
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| control: reduce number susceptible |
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Definition
| raise herd immunity by passive or active immunity |
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| preparation of one or more microbial antigens used to induce protective immunity. ex: killed, living, weakened (attenuated) microbes, inactivated toxins (toxoid) purified cell material or DNA |
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| result obtaines when vaccine stimulates immunity. vaccines can fail. |
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Definition
requires boosters. inactive microorganism by chemicals or irradiation. no reversion to virulent. immunity is humoral
(B cell) |
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Definition
| only 1 booster if any. virulent bug grown under adverse conditions or passed through different hosts until avirulent. can revert to virulent form. less stable in terms of storage (refrigeration). Immunity is both humoral and cell mediated (B and T) |
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Term
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Definition
| portion on the pathogen used as immunogen. ex: surface protein |
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| recombinant vector vaccines |
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Definition
| pathogen genes that encode major antigens inserted into nonvirulent viruses or bacteria that serve as vectors and express inserted gene. relseases antigens as gene product which illicit immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA is directly inserted into host. pathogen DNA fragment is expressed inside the host cell. proteins are responded to by immune system. trials are ongoing |
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Term
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Definition
| A: easily disseminated, high mortality rate, major public health impact. B: moderate. C: emerging threats the could be engineered for mass destruction |
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