Term
|
Definition
| random events or bad luck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| predictability in the epidemiologic sense and amenability to prevention |
|
|
Term
| Injury refers directly to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About _____ people die each year as a result of crashes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Worldwide, this is the leading cause of death among people aged 15-29 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Half of deaths are “vulnerable road users” – |
|
Definition
| pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists |
|
|
Term
| the 5 main risk factors of Road traffic injury: |
|
Definition
speed,
drinking/driving,
helmets,
seat belts,
and child restraints. |
|
|
Term
| Burden of road traffic injuries |
|
Definition
Treatment of injuries
Economic losses
Reduced/lost productivity
Disabilities |
|
|
Term
| Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020) |
|
Definition
Created by World Health Organization
Aims to improve safety of roads and vehicles
Changing driving behaviors
Improving emergency services |
|
|
Term
| Highest rate of crashes per vehicle in the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 10-30% of hospital admissions in India are the result of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spanish (H1N1) influenza virus infected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spanish (H1N1) influenza virus killed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| biological, chemical, physical, or nutritional |
|
|
Term
| Examples of biologics agents include |
|
Definition
| bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa |
|
|
Term
| Examples of chemical agents include |
|
Definition
| poisons, alcohol, and smoke |
|
|
Term
| Examples of physical agents include |
|
Definition
| trauma, radiation, and fire |
|
|
Term
| Examples of nutritional agents include |
|
Definition
| the lack there of or too much. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Host, Agent and Environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microbe (bacteria, virus or parasite) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extrinsic factors (climate, sanitation)
External conditions
Physical, biological, social |
|
|
Term
| The epidemiologic triad consists of |
|
Definition
| an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the interaction between the agent and the susceptible host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a source to that host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic predisposition
Behaviors
Immunologic factors
Personal traits
ALL influence the risk for occurrence/severity of disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mosquito-borne disease (Anopheles) |
|
|
Term
| Malaria Infection occurs when |
|
Definition
| a mosquito infected with the malaria parasite bites a human |
|
|
Term
| Malaria Transmission occurs when |
|
Definition
| another mosquito bites the human infected with the parasite |
|
|
Term
| How many cases of Malaria each year |
|
Definition
| Over 2 million cases per year |
|
|
Term
| the agent-host-environment model did not work well for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causal Pies proposed by ____ in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The individual factors in Causal Pies are called _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The complete pie, which might be considered a causal pathway, is called a _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A component that appears in every causal pie or pathway is called a _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| without a necessary cause |
|
Definition
| the disease does not occur |
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis Causal Pie parts |
|
Definition
Exposure to TB
Poor Nutrition
Poor Ventilation
Absence of BCG
Crowding |
|
|
Term
| ____ are smaller than ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common bacterial diseases include: |
|
Definition
Strep throat – streptococcus
Tuberculosis – M. tuberculosis
Diarrehea –E. coli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Made up of genetic material that can invade living cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viruses _____ reproduce or replicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Named for the disease they produce or the organ they infect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Modes of Disease Transmission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Person-to-person transmission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common vehicle transmission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common vehicle transmission examples |
|
Definition
Single exposure
Multiple exposures
Continuous exposure |
|
|
Term
| Clinical disease is characterized by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Persistent (chronic) disease |
|
Definition
| a disease may persist for life; for example, some adults who recovered from polio as children experience fatigue and weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an infection with no active multiplication of the agent |
|
|
Term
| Non-clinical disease may include the following: |
|
Definition
Pre Clinical
Sub Clinical
Chronic
Latent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not yet clinically apparent, but destined to progress to clinical disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not yet clinically apparent and is not destined to become clinically apparent – this type of disease is sometimes diagnosed by serologic or antibody response or culture of the organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time between exposure to the agent and the appearance of the first signs and symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Incubation period is referred to as ______ by infectious disease epidemiologists |
|
Definition
| incubation (or induction) period |
|
|
Term
| Incubation period is referred to as ______ by chronic disease epidemiologists |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual harbors the organism, but is not infected as measured by serological studies (no evidence of antibody response) or clinical illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
habitual presence of a disease in an specific area
for example, dengue is endemic in the Caribbean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurrence of a disease in a population
example is seasonal influenza |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Worldwide epidemic
Example: HIV/AIDS |
|
|
Term
| Common-vehicle exposure Example: |
|
Definition
| a group of people who ate a food contaminated with a microorganism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid and sudden in cases of a disease |
|
|
Term
| Cases are limited to people who had a common exposure |
|
Definition
| Single-exposure, common-vehicle outbreak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes in a water supply system resulting in multiple exposures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Constant leak leading to persistent contamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmittable between persons or species; contagious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an infectious disease that is contagious or capable of being transmitted between people |
|
|
Term
| The common cold has an incubation period of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmission from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk, or vaginal fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmission from infectious person to susceptible person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Person-to-person contact
Transmission of secretions, contact with open wounds |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Diseases that spread through direct contact |
|
Definition
STIs
MRSA
Warts (human papilloma virus)
Ringworm (dermatophytosis is actually a fungus, not a parasite) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inanimate object capable of holding and transmitting disease |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Diseases that spread through indirect contact |
|
Definition
| streptococcus, common cold, influenza |
|
|
Term
| Droplet transmission via expelled droplets from |
|
Definition
| Coughing, sneezing, and talking |
|
|
Term
| droplet transmission spread through droplets |
|
Definition
| droplets landing on/in eyes, nose, or mouth of susceptible host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| too large to hang in air and settle quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Droplet nuclei (residue from evaporated droplets) or dust particles containing microorganisms can remain suspended in air for long periods of time |
|
|
Term
| How airborne diseases start |
|
Definition
| They are breathed into the upper and lower respiratory track and that is often the starting point for disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contaminated food and water
Poor hygiene and sanitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diseases transmitted from animals to humans |
|
|
Term
| Vector-borne diseases are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diseases spread from zoonoses examples are |
|
Definition
| anthrax, dengue, Ebola, E. coli, giardia, H1N1 flu, plague, rabies, yellow fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of the organism to invade the host and reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The severity or extent of disease |
|
|
Term
| Basic reproduction number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Number of cases generated by one case in an otherwise uninfected population
Helps determine whether or not a disease will spread and how fast it will spread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the disease will be able to spread |
|
|
Term
| Implementing population-level disease prevention includes three primary ideas |
|
Definition
Remove, eliminate, or contain the cause or source of infection (environment)
Disrupt and block the chain of disease transmission (host)
Protect the susceptible population against infection and disease (population) |
|
|
Term
| Host-based control techniques |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quarantine is for _______ |
|
Definition
| exposed persons (or animals) |
|
|
Term
| First public health measure to be shown to be effective in breaking transmission of disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ typically takes place in hospitals which have special rooms set aside for patients that need it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the past, this might have been as simple as boarding up a house with plague victims inside and leaving them to die. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ has relied heavily on the use of isolation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Personal cleanliness-host factor
Food Preparation |
|
|
Term
| Provided to naïve individuals, before disease appears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Provides active, usually permanent and lifelong immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ can be a population-level of disease prevention when used on a large scale or across large groups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can be either _____ or ______ prophylaxis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of prophylaxis use include before ______ and ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The resistance of a group of people to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the population are immune |
|
|
Term
| The concept that once a certain proportion of the population (or group) is protected from disease by vaccination, the opportunity for transmission is limited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vaccination is not recommended for |
|
Definition
Immuno-compromised and
Allergies to vaccine components |
|
|
Term
| Ebola virus/ebola hemorrhagic disease |
|
Definition
Any of 5 viruses
Sudden onset of influenza-like symptoms
CNS is affected
Organ failure
Hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small epidemics in Germany (Marburg and Frankfurt) and in Belgrade (formerly Yugoslavia, now Serbia) in 1960s
Reappeared in Africa in 2000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Same genus as ebola
Discovered in Reston, VA at Hazleton Laboratories
Non-pathogenic to humans
Found in macaques in the lab by a virologist who observed macaque deaths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of people with some common characteristic (age, race, gender, place of residence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Changing all the time
Movement in and out/migration/births-deaths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Confined
No migration
Often assumed for statistical models |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A number obtained by dividing one number by another (x/y)
It is the relative magnitude of the entities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of ratio
Typically expressed as a percent
Proportion= x/y *100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incorporates a measure of time
Rate=Number events during a period of time / Population at risk during same period of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proportion of people with an existing condition in total population |
|
|
Term
| Measures the extent of the disease in the population in a specified time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prevalence proportion Numerator includes |
|
Definition
| BOTH new and existing cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The proportion of a population that has the condition at a specific point in time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The proportion of a population that has the condition at some time during a given period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a calendar time period or an event (birth, death, entry into workforce) |
|
|
Term
| Period prevalence Includes |
|
Definition
| people who already have the condition at the start of the study period as well as those who acquire it during that period. |
|
|
Term
How many people currently have asthma?
is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many people have had asthma during the last five years?
is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many people have ever had asthma?
is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chronic non-curable disease, like diabetes, can have a ______ incidence and a _____ prevalence, because ______ |
|
Definition
low; high
the disease is not very fatal, but it cannot be completely cured either. |
|
|
Term
| A short-duration, curable disease, such as the common cold, can have ______ incidence and ______ prevalence. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the population with the disease |
|
|
Term
| the focus of prevalence is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The total number of live births in one year per unit population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of deaths in children under 1 year of age occurring during a one year period per 1000 live births |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The proportion of people with a particular finding on postmortem exam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The prevalence of a birth defect at the point of birth. |
|
|
Term
| Sources of morbidity data |
|
Definition
Hospitals and clinics
Disease/cancer registries
Surveillance systems
Surveys, such as NHIS, NHANES
Insurance data
Tax-financed medical plans
Industry
Military data |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence depends on both ____ and _____ |
|
Definition
| incidence and duration of disease in the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incidence*Duration of disease |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the foundation of all vital statistics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The earliest work on vital statistics was done by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| John Graunt's work Led to |
|
Definition
| the development of statistical methods to analyze mortality data |
|
|
Term
| In most countries, laws require _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Underlying cause of the death is |
|
Definition
| the disease or injury that initiated the set of events leading to death |
|
|
Term
| Causes of death are coded according to |
|
Definition
| the rules of the International Classification of Disease (ICD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Certifies the causes of death
Certifies the manner of death |
|
|
Term
| Role of World Health Organization |
|
Definition
| Plays a major role in collecting, classifying, and tabulating mortality statistics for the U.S. and other countries |
|
|
Term
| Coordinates an international agreement that promotes standardization of mortality statistics through the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) |
|
Definition
| World Health Organization |
|
|
Term
| So how useful are death certificates as an indicator of disease frequency? |
|
Definition
| They are more accurate when the disease of interest has a very high case fatality rate, is easily diagnosed, and is rapidly fatal. |
|
|
Term
| The strengths of mortality data are that |
|
Definition
death certificate coverage is universal,
great uniformity in the format
required content at the state level
process of collecting, processing and presentation of mortality data is highly standardized. |
|
|
Term
| top 5 causes of death in the US |
|
Definition
heart disease
cancer
cerebrovascular diseases
chronic lower respiratory disease
unintentional deaths |
|
|
Term
| decreasing rate of stomach cancer over the years.... |
|
Definition
| renamed to multiple different cancers |
|
|
Term
| increase in prostate cancer because |
|
Definition
| introduction of prostate specific antigen screening tool |
|
|
Term
| Possible explanations for trends or differences in mortality rates |
|
Definition
Errors in diagnosis
Changes in classification
Errors in counting population
Errors in classifying by demographic characteristics
Change in incidence |
|
|
Term
in 2010 how many deaths in the US
percent of cancer and heart disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (total # deaths for all causes / # of persons in the pop at midyear) *1000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (# of persons dying during a specified period of time after disease onset / # of persons with the disease) *100 |
|
|
Term
| Years of potential life lost (YPPL) |
|
Definition
| Measure of premature mortality |
|
|
Term
| Years of potential life lost recognizes that |
|
Definition
| death occurring in the same person at a younger age involves a greater loss of future productivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each deceased person’s age at death is subtracted from a predetermined age at death (in the US, we usually use 65) |
|
|
Term
| Disease with the most number of years of potential life lost (per year in millions) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disease with the most number of years of potential life lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Outbreak Investigation Steps |
|
Definition
1. Verify Diagnosis
2. Search for Additional Cases
3. Develop a Case Definition
4. Generate Hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of verifying the diagnosis |
|
Definition
Make sure illness properly diagnosed
Rule out laboratory and reporting errors
Determine that all cases suffer from same illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obtain clinical samples for laboratory testing
Review medical records and laboratory results
Discuss with healthcare providers of cases
Interview (and even examine) cases
Consult a qualified microbiologist |
|
|
Term
| Need to actively search for additional cases in order to: |
|
Definition
Determine true magnitude of outbreak
Characterize outbreak accurately
Increase ability of epidemiologic studies to link illness with true cause of outbreak |
|
|
Term
| Ways to search for additional cases |
|
Definition
Contact implicated establishment to identify other ill customers (e.g., reservations)
Contact event organizer for list of attendees
Review foodborne illness complaints and notifiable disease reports
Examine laboratory reports and hospital medical records
Ask local healthcare providers to look for cases
Ask known cases if they know of other cases
Review death certificates
Make announcements through local media |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Standard set of criteria used to classify ill people as being cases associated with a particular outbreak |
|
|
Term
| Case Definition criteria include |
|
Definition
Clinical findings (e.g., signs, symptoms, laboratory results)
Restrictions by time, place, and person |
|
|
Term
| Case definition is _____ and ______ |
|
Definition
Objective – Not open to interpretation
Discriminating – Distinguish between individuals with illness associated with outbreak and those with illness not associated with the outbreak |
|
|
Term
| Case Definition does not include |
|
Definition
| suspected source of outbreak |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change over time as more information about the illness or outbreak is revealed |
|
|
Term
| How to generate a hypothesis |
|
Definition
| Use available information to make an educated guess about the cause and source of an outbreak |
|
|
Term
| purpose of generating a hypothesis |
|
Definition
To direct immediate control measures
To narrow focus of subsequent studies
To determine the need to involve others in investigation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| likely causative agent, people at risk, mode of transmission, vehicle, and period of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Foods produced or served; production, processing, distribution methods; past food safety problems
Help identify high risk foods, likely causative agent, and contributing factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Time or date of onset of symptoms
Relates back to likely period of exposure
Typically presented as epidemic curve (epi curve) |
|
|
Term
| what is typically presented as epidemic curve (epi curve) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grasp magnitude of outbreak
Clarify outbreak’s time course
Identify cases that are outliers
Draw inferences about pattern of spread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exposure to same source over brief time
Cases rise rapidly to a peak and fall off gradually
Majority of cases within one incubation period |
|
|
Term
| Continuous Common Source Outbreak |
|
Definition
Exposure to same source over prolonged time
Epidemic curve rises gradually
May plateau |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spread from person to person
Series of progressively taller peaks
Peaks one incubation period apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (# sick / total who ate food ) 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AR of those who ate food / AR of those who did not eat food
RR > 1 - could be a risk factor
RR < 1- could be a protective factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (# sick / total who ate food ) 100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AR of those who ate food / AR of those who did not eat food
RR > 1 - could be a risk factor
RR < 1- could be a protective factor |
|
|
