Term
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Definition
| The study of the determinants and distribution of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Presence of this factor is enough to result in disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease is never present when factor is not present. |
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Term
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Definition
+ Pre-disposing
+ Enabling
+ Precipitating
+ Re-inforcing |
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Term
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Definition
| The likely preventative impact of eliminating a specific causal factor. (Re-Ru)/Re x 100% |
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Term
| Bradford-Hill Causation model |
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Definition
+Temporal relationship (necessary)
+ Plausibility
+ Reliability
+ Strength of study design
+ Consistency
+ Strength of association
+ Dose-response
+ Reversibility |
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Term
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Definition
| Health is a state of complete mental, social and physical well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rate of new cases of disease over a given time in a specified population |
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Term
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Definition
| Frequency of existing cases of a disease in a defined population at a given point in time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of deaths per total number of cases in a given period of time. |
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Term
| Risk ratio / Relative risk |
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Definition
| Risk in exposed / Risk in unexposed. For cohort and RCT. |
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Term
| Risk difference/ Attributable risk |
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Definition
| Risk in exposed - risk in unexposed |
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Term
| Population Attributable Risk |
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Definition
| % of disease in the whole population that can be attributed to a particular exposure. Rt-Ru (or for percentage: (Rt-Ru)/Rt x 100%) |
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Term
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Definition
| Compares the odds of exposure in cases vs. controls. OR = ad/bc. For case-control and cross-sectional studies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Due to chance alone. Includes sampling errors and measurement errors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where results differ from true values. Includes selection bias, measurement bias + recall bias. |
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Term
| 4 Potential errors in epidemiological studies |
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Definition
+ Random (sampling, measurement)
+ Systematic (recall, measurement, selection)
+ Sample size
+ Confounding |
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Term
| Control of confounding factors |
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Definition
+ Design stage: Randomisation, restriction & matching
+ Analysis stage: Stratification, statistical modelling |
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Term
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Definition
| Stability (consistent answers) and reproducibility over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is test capable of measuring what it is intended to measure? Internal validity is whether results are correct for the group being studied and external validity is how these results apply to those not in the study. |
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Term
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Definition
| Observational study which routinely collects data and makes no link between exposure and outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Observational study that is hypothesis generating and where the unit of measurement is a population rather than individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Observational study where exposure and outcome are measured at one point in time. OR |
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Term
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Definition
| Observational study which compares cases (disease) with controls (no disease). OR |
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Term
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Definition
| Observational study which compares exposed and unexposed and follows them in time to observe outcomes of disease. May be prospective or retrospective. RR |
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Term
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Definition
| Experimental study which compares outcomes of treatment groups allocated randomly and often blinded. Must be approved by an ethics committee. RR |
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Term
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Definition
| Gold standard. Compares the results of numerous studies on a particular question. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compares means from two groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Association between two categorical variables |
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Term
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Definition
| Linear relationship between two continuous variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions at a government level to ensure underlying socioeconomic and environmental conditions limit the development of disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| Targets those with specific risk factors at the population level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Early detection and treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce progression of disease and complications once it has occurred. |
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