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Epidemiology and Public Health
PPT9: Infectious Disease 3
79
Other
Graduate
02/18/2012

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Cards

Term
What is the agent in Botulism?
Definition
Clostridium botulinum
Term
What are the three types of botulism?
Definition
-foodborne
-wound
-infant
Term
Describe foodborne botulism
Definition
food contaminated with spores stored improperly allowing toxin production
Term
Describe wound botulism
Definition
Tissue contaminated with spores multiply and product toxin
Term
Describe infant botulism
Definition
ingestion of spores multiply and produce toxin in intestine (most often associated with feeding an infant honey)
Term
How is botulism transmitted?
Definition
Typically found in soil, grows best in low oxygen conditions; home canned good foods with LOW ACID content; HONEY can contain the bacteria (should not be fed to infants)
Term
What is the incubation period for each of the three different types of botulism?
Definition
-symptoms generally begin 12 to 48 hours after eating a contaminated food (range 6 hrs up to 8 days, can be longer depending on the dosage)
-infant 3-30 days after ingestion
-wound 4-14 days from injury
Term
What are the symptoms of botulism?
Definition
-neuroparalytic disorder
-double/blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness
-infants with botulism appear lethargic, feed poorly, constipated, have a weak cry, and pore muscle tone
Term
Who is the most common person you are going to see with wound botulism?
Definition
IV drug user
Term
What is the most common cause of death associated with botulism?
Definition
respiratory failure
Term
How is botulism diagnosed?
Definition
test (toxin neutralization bioassay) for botulinim toxin and for bacteria (stool culture) can be performed at some state health depts and at the CDC
Term
What is the treatment for botulism?
Definition
-Meticulous supportive care (respiratory and nutritional)
-equine botulinim antitoxin (supplied by CDC via state health depts)
-infant botulism can be treated with human-derived antitoxin (BabyBIG) available from the California state health dept.
Term
How does the antitoxin for botulism work?
Definition
it only absorbs the free toxin, the toxin that is already bound will still do damage
Term
Why is every case of food borne botulism treated as a public health emergency?
Definition
bc the responsible food, whether homemade or commercial, might still be available for consumption
Term
What is the agent in cholera?
Definition
Vibrio cholerae (epidemic cholera serotype 01)
-the toxin this produces is what sets up the ion distribution that screws with your electrolytes and causes you to not be able to keep your fluids down)
Term
What is the incubation period for cholera?
Definition
1-3 days
Term
How is cholera transmitted?
Definition
water or food sources contaminated by feces
NO direct transmission
brackish rivers and coastal waters/raw shellfish
Term
What are the symptoms of cholera?
Definition
profuse watery diarrhea (colorless with mucus, 'RICE WATER')
NO fever or abdominal cramping
rapid LOSS OF BODY FLUIDS LEADS TO DEHYDRATION AND SHOCK
Term
What is one way cholera can be spread from human to human?
Definition
improper hand hygiene
Term
How is cholera diagnosed?
Definition
stool culture
Term
What is the treatment for cholera?
Definition
-immediate replacement of the fluid and salts
-antibiotics (tetracycline/doxycycline) shorten the course and diminish the severity of the illness
Term
if left untreated, what percentage of cholera cases are fatal?
Definition
25-50%
Term
Where are most of the cases of cholera? What is cholera in the US mostly due to?
Definition
Africa
contaminated food ingestion
Term
What is the agent in diphtheria?
Definition
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Term
What is the incubation period for diphtheria?
Definition
2-7 days
Term
How is diphtheria transmitted?
Definition
direct transmission with respiratory droplets and/or cutaneous lesions (person to person spread)
Term
What are the symptoms of diphtheria?
Definition
-sore throat with low grade fever
-gray to black, tough pseudomembrane covering the tonsils, pharynx, or nose BLOCKING THE AIRWAY and swelling of the neck

-toxins spread to other organs and cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and/or airway obstruction
Term
What is the mortality rate of diphtheria?
Definition
10%
Term
How is diphtheria diagnosed?
Definition
nose or throat culture
Term
What is the treatment for diphtheria?
Definition
-diptheria antitoxin first administered, then treated with antibiotics (penicillin and erythromycin)
Term
Why is diphtheria now rare in many parts of the world?
Definition
routine childhood immunizations
Term
When was the last confirmed case of diphtheria?
Definition
2003
Term
What is the agent for tetnus?
Definition
Clostridium tetani
Term
What is the incubation period for tetanus?
Definition
14 days
Term
How is tetnus transmitted?
Definition
-wound contamination, neurotoxin produced by the bacteria

-spores are widely distributed in soil and in the animal intestines

-NOT transmissible person to person
Term
What are the symptoms of tetnus?
Definition
-neurologic disease
-symptoms progress to severe spasms to convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles
Term
What is the mortality of tetnus?
Definition
10-20%
Term
How is tetnus diagnosed?
Definition
clinical presentation
Term
What is the treatment of tetnus?
Definition
wounds should be cleaned and necrotic tissue should be removed
-if tetanic spasms are occurring, supportive therapy and maintenance of an adequate airway are critical
-administrations of tetanus immune globulin (TIG) can only help remove unbound tetanus toxin and does affect toxin already bound to nerve endings; part of the TIG dose should be infiltrated at the wound site but must not be administered IM
Term
After primary immunization (with tetnus toxoid), antitoxin persists at a protective concentration for at least _____ years and for longer after a booster dose
Definition
10
Term
What is the agent in pertussis?
Definition
bordetella pertussis
Term
What is the incubation period for pertussis?
Definition
7-10 days
Term
How is pertussis transmitted?
Definition
very contagious disease only found in humans and is spread from person to person via aerosolized droplets
Term
What is the symptoms of pertussis?
Definition
-mild URI with progressive cough with inspiratory WHOOP with gagging, gasping, or apnea leading to vomiting; fever absent of minimal
-cough lasting up to 10 weeks
Term
Pertussis is primarily a _______-mediated disease. The bacteria attach to the _______ of the respiratory epithelial cells, produce toxins that _________ them, and cause ________ of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions.
Definition
toxin
cilia
paralyze
inflammation
Term
How is pertussis diagnosed?
Definition
nasopharyngeal culture
Term
What is the treatment of pertussis?
Definition
>1 yoa: erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin

<1 yoa: azithromycin
Term
What is the agent for campylobacter?
Definition
campylobacter jejuni
Term
What is the incubation period for camplyobacter?
Definition
1-7 days
Term
How is campylobacter transmitted?
Definition
contaminated food (particularly poultry), water, or contact with infected animals (particularly kittens and puppies)
-person to persons transmission can occur among young children
-sporadic cases
Term
What are the symptoms of campylobacter?
Definition
diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain (mimin appendicitis), and fever
Term
How is campylobacter diagnosed?
Definition
stool culture
Term
How is campylobacter treated?
Definition
-supportive care
-self limiting
-antibiotics may shorten course (does show some resistance)
Term
What season is campylobacter common?
Definition
summer
Term
Most cases of campy are isolated or part of outbreaks?
Definition
isolated, sporadic events
Term
What age group is campy organism most often isolated from?
Definition
infants and young adults
Term
Why did the FDA withdraw the approval for using floroquinolones in poultry to prevent respiratory infections?
Definition
the percent of human campylobacter resistance to ciproflaxin showed an increase
Term
What is the agent in E. coli?
Definition
Escherichia coli
-Shigella toxin-producing E.Coli (STEC)
-E. coli 0517:H7
Term
What is the incubation period in e coli?
Definition
1-8 days (avg. 4-7 DAYS)
Term
How is E.coli transmitted?
Definition
-fecal oral route
-contaminated food or water
-STEC live in the guts of ruminant animals including cattle, goats, sheep, deer, elk
Term
What are the symptoms of E. coli?
Definition
-severe stomach cramps
-diarrhea (often BLOODY)
-vomiting
-mild fever
Term
5-10% of people infected with STEC develop what?
Definition
a potentially life-threatening complication known as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
Term
How is STEC diagnosed?
Definition
stool culture
Term
What is the treatment for STEC?
Definition
-non specific supportive therapy
-HYDRATION
-Antibiotics should NOT be used to treat
-Antidiarrheal agents should NOT be used
Term
What is the agent for salmonella?
Definition
salmonella sp. (typhimurium, enteritidis)
> 2,460 serotypes
Term
What is the incubation period for salmonella?
Definition
12-36 hours
Term
How is salmonella transmitted?
Definition
food contamination
contact with infected reptiles or amphibians
Term
What are the symptoms of salmonella?
Definition
diarrhea, fever, and abd cramps
Term
how is salmonella diagnosed?
Definition
stool culture
Term
How is salmonella treated?
Definition
infections usually resolve in 5-7 days and often do not require treatment other than oral fluids
Term
Who are the most likely to have severe infections from salmonella?
Definition
young children, elderly, and immunocompromised
Term
what is the estimate number of people that die each year from salmonella?
Definition
400
Term
What is the agent for shigella?
Definition
Shigella sp. (sonnei)
approx 40 serotypes
Term
What is the incubation period for shigella?
Definition
2-4 days
Term
How is shigella transmitted?
Definition
fecal oral route, recreational water
Term
What are the symptoms of shigella?
Definition
watery or bloody diarrhea, abd pain, HIGH fever, and malaise
Term
How is shigella diagnosed?
Definition
stool culture
antimicrobial susceptibility test
Term
What is the treatment for shigella?
Definition
-supportive care
-self limiting
-antibiotics may shorten
-antidiarrheal agents may make the illness worse and should be avoided
Term
What is the who and when for shigella?
Definition
children, esp toddlers age 2-4
summer
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