Term
| What is the agent in Botulism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of botulism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe foodborne botulism |
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Definition
| food contaminated with spores stored improperly allowing toxin production |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue contaminated with spores multiply and product toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| ingestion of spores multiply and produce toxin in intestine (most often associated with feeding an infant honey) |
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Term
| How is botulism transmitted? |
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Definition
| Typically found in soil, grows best in low oxygen conditions; home canned good foods with LOW ACID content; HONEY can contain the bacteria (should not be fed to infants) |
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Term
| What is the incubation period for each of the three different types of botulism? |
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Definition
-symptoms generally begin 12 to 48 hours after eating a contaminated food (range 6 hrs up to 8 days, can be longer depending on the dosage)
-infant 3-30 days after ingestion
-wound 4-14 days from injury |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of botulism? |
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Definition
-neuroparalytic disorder
-double/blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and muscle weakness
-infants with botulism appear lethargic, feed poorly, constipated, have a weak cry, and pore muscle tone |
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Term
| Who is the most common person you are going to see with wound botulism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of death associated with botulism? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is botulism diagnosed? |
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Definition
| test (toxin neutralization bioassay) for botulinim toxin and for bacteria (stool culture) can be performed at some state health depts and at the CDC |
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Term
| What is the treatment for botulism? |
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Definition
-Meticulous supportive care (respiratory and nutritional)
-equine botulinim antitoxin (supplied by CDC via state health depts)
-infant botulism can be treated with human-derived antitoxin (BabyBIG) available from the California state health dept. |
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Term
| How does the antitoxin for botulism work? |
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Definition
| it only absorbs the free toxin, the toxin that is already bound will still do damage |
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Term
| Why is every case of food borne botulism treated as a public health emergency? |
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Definition
| bc the responsible food, whether homemade or commercial, might still be available for consumption |
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Term
| What is the agent in cholera? |
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Definition
Vibrio cholerae (epidemic cholera serotype 01)
-the toxin this produces is what sets up the ion distribution that screws with your electrolytes and causes you to not be able to keep your fluids down) |
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Term
| What is the incubation period for cholera? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is cholera transmitted? |
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Definition
water or food sources contaminated by feces
NO direct transmission
brackish rivers and coastal waters/raw shellfish |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of cholera? |
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Definition
profuse watery diarrhea (colorless with mucus, 'RICE WATER')
NO fever or abdominal cramping
rapid LOSS OF BODY FLUIDS LEADS TO DEHYDRATION AND SHOCK |
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Term
| What is one way cholera can be spread from human to human? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is cholera diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment for cholera? |
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Definition
-immediate replacement of the fluid and salts
-antibiotics (tetracycline/doxycycline) shorten the course and diminish the severity of the illness |
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Term
| if left untreated, what percentage of cholera cases are fatal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are most of the cases of cholera? What is cholera in the US mostly due to? |
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Definition
Africa
contaminated food ingestion |
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Term
| What is the agent in diphtheria? |
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Definition
| Corynebacterium diptheriae |
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Term
| What is the incubation period for diphtheria? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is diphtheria transmitted? |
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Definition
| direct transmission with respiratory droplets and/or cutaneous lesions (person to person spread) |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of diphtheria? |
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Definition
-sore throat with low grade fever
-gray to black, tough pseudomembrane covering the tonsils, pharynx, or nose BLOCKING THE AIRWAY and swelling of the neck
-toxins spread to other organs and cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and/or airway obstruction |
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Term
| What is the mortality rate of diphtheria? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is diphtheria diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment for diphtheria? |
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Definition
| -diptheria antitoxin first administered, then treated with antibiotics (penicillin and erythromycin) |
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Term
| Why is diphtheria now rare in many parts of the world? |
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Definition
| routine childhood immunizations |
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Term
| When was the last confirmed case of diphtheria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the agent for tetnus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the incubation period for tetanus? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is tetnus transmitted? |
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Definition
-wound contamination, neurotoxin produced by the bacteria
-spores are widely distributed in soil and in the animal intestines
-NOT transmissible person to person |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of tetnus? |
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Definition
-neurologic disease
-symptoms progress to severe spasms to convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What is the mortality of tetnus? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment of tetnus? |
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Definition
wounds should be cleaned and necrotic tissue should be removed
-if tetanic spasms are occurring, supportive therapy and maintenance of an adequate airway are critical
-administrations of tetanus immune globulin (TIG) can only help remove unbound tetanus toxin and does affect toxin already bound to nerve endings; part of the TIG dose should be infiltrated at the wound site but must not be administered IM |
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Term
| After primary immunization (with tetnus toxoid), antitoxin persists at a protective concentration for at least _____ years and for longer after a booster dose |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the agent in pertussis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the incubation period for pertussis? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is pertussis transmitted? |
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Definition
| very contagious disease only found in humans and is spread from person to person via aerosolized droplets |
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Term
| What is the symptoms of pertussis? |
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Definition
-mild URI with progressive cough with inspiratory WHOOP with gagging, gasping, or apnea leading to vomiting; fever absent of minimal
-cough lasting up to 10 weeks |
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Term
| Pertussis is primarily a _______-mediated disease. The bacteria attach to the _______ of the respiratory epithelial cells, produce toxins that _________ them, and cause ________ of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions. |
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Definition
toxin
cilia
paralyze
inflammation |
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Term
| How is pertussis diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment of pertussis? |
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Definition
>1 yoa: erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin
<1 yoa: azithromycin |
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Term
| What is the agent for campylobacter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the incubation period for camplyobacter? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is campylobacter transmitted? |
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Definition
contaminated food (particularly poultry), water, or contact with infected animals (particularly kittens and puppies)
-person to persons transmission can occur among young children
-sporadic cases |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of campylobacter? |
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Definition
| diarrhea, cramping, abdominal pain (mimin appendicitis), and fever |
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Term
| How is campylobacter diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is campylobacter treated? |
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Definition
-supportive care
-self limiting
-antibiotics may shorten course (does show some resistance) |
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Term
| What season is campylobacter common? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most cases of campy are isolated or part of outbreaks? |
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Definition
| isolated, sporadic events |
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Term
| What age group is campy organism most often isolated from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did the FDA withdraw the approval for using floroquinolones in poultry to prevent respiratory infections? |
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Definition
| the percent of human campylobacter resistance to ciproflaxin showed an increase |
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Term
| What is the agent in E. coli? |
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Definition
Escherichia coli
-Shigella toxin-producing E.Coli (STEC)
-E. coli 0517:H7 |
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Term
| What is the incubation period in e coli? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is E.coli transmitted? |
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Definition
-fecal oral route
-contaminated food or water
-STEC live in the guts of ruminant animals including cattle, goats, sheep, deer, elk |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of E. coli? |
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Definition
-severe stomach cramps
-diarrhea (often BLOODY)
-vomiting
-mild fever |
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Term
| 5-10% of people infected with STEC develop what? |
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Definition
| a potentially life-threatening complication known as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the treatment for STEC? |
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Definition
-non specific supportive therapy
-HYDRATION
-Antibiotics should NOT be used to treat
-Antidiarrheal agents should NOT be used |
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Term
| What is the agent for salmonella? |
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Definition
salmonella sp. (typhimurium, enteritidis)
> 2,460 serotypes |
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Term
| What is the incubation period for salmonella? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is salmonella transmitted? |
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Definition
food contamination
contact with infected reptiles or amphibians |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of salmonella? |
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Definition
| diarrhea, fever, and abd cramps |
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Term
| how is salmonella diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is salmonella treated? |
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Definition
| infections usually resolve in 5-7 days and often do not require treatment other than oral fluids |
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Term
| Who are the most likely to have severe infections from salmonella? |
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Definition
| young children, elderly, and immunocompromised |
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Term
| what is the estimate number of people that die each year from salmonella? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the agent for shigella? |
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Definition
Shigella sp. (sonnei)
approx 40 serotypes |
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Term
| What is the incubation period for shigella? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is shigella transmitted? |
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Definition
| fecal oral route, recreational water |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of shigella? |
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Definition
| watery or bloody diarrhea, abd pain, HIGH fever, and malaise |
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Term
| How is shigella diagnosed? |
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Definition
stool culture
antimicrobial susceptibility test |
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Term
| What is the treatment for shigella? |
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Definition
-supportive care
-self limiting
-antibiotics may shorten
-antidiarrheal agents may make the illness worse and should be avoided |
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Term
| What is the who and when for shigella? |
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Definition
children, esp toddlers age 2-4
summer |
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