Term
| In what decade were infectious diseases "conquered" and why? |
|
Definition
| 1960's bc of immunization and antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| What are the top 3 deadliest infectious dxs? |
|
Definition
-acute respiratory infection
-diarrhea
-TB |
|
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Term
| What are the two criteria that must exist for eradication to be possible? |
|
Definition
-no non-human reservoir (it can't occur in anything but humans)
-a vaccine exists |
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Term
| What infectious dx is no longer an endemic in the US and the next target for eradication |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is lost if many people do not get vaccinated? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are pharmaceutical companies reluctant to develop vaccines? |
|
Definition
-low profits
-risk of lawsuits |
|
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Term
| What are the 4 ways to interrupt the chain of infection? Which one is the most problematic? |
|
Definition
-increase resistance of HOST by immunization (herd immunity)
-kill PATHOGEN with antibiotics
-eliminate RESERVOIR (lots of problems, what if the human is the reservoir?)
-PREVENT transmission (wash hands, quarantine, barrier (condom)) |
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Term
| What is the etiology of a food borne dx? |
|
Definition
| microbe enters the body through the GI tract and causes GI symptoms (N/V, diarrhea) |
|
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Term
| What "method" is associated with Calcivirus (norwalk virus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period for the Calcivirus? How long can you still spread it after your symptoms have resolved? |
|
Definition
24 hour incubation period
can be spread for 7 days |
|
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Term
| Are vaccine preventable disease rates monitored? Why or why not? |
|
Definition
Yes
-May signal that the vaccination program is not reaching specific at-risk pops
-examines if barriers related to culture, language, and access to care exist
-herd immunity |
|
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Term
| What is a zoonotic dx? (zoonosis) |
|
Definition
| a disease that under natural conditions can be spread from vertebrate animals to humans |
|
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Term
| Zoonotic dxs may either be enzootic or epizootic. Explain these two terms. |
|
Definition
-Enzootic= similar to endemic in human dxs (occurs naturally at a certain level in animals)
-Epizootic= similar to an epidemic in human dxs (an epidemic in animals) |
|
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Term
| what percentage of infectious agents reported to cause dx in humans are know to be zoonotic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| TB incidence on the decline for most racial/ethnic groups. What are 4 reasons for the resurgence of TB? |
|
Definition
-increase in people infected with HIV
-increase in people with organ transplants
-increase in homeless population
-importation of cases from endemic areas |
|
|
Term
| What type of TB was the focus of media attention in 2007? |
|
Definition
| extensively drug resistant TB (XDR TB) |
|
|
Term
| What does the term "super bug" refer to? What are two examples of super bugs? |
|
Definition
-bacteria which have become resistant to commonly used antibiotics
-MRSA
-VRE (vancomysin resistant enterococci) |
|
|
Term
| MRSA and VRE can get together and form what? |
|
Definition
| VRSA which is a very concerning bug with a high mortality rate |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 categories of infectious disease? |
|
Definition
-mycoses (fungal dx)
-protozoa (parasitic dx)
-helminths (parasitic dx)
-bacteria
-viruses |
|
|
Term
| What is the agent for Candidiasis? Describe it. |
|
Definition
-Candida albicans
-normal flora that can cause infection in the mouth, skin, stomach, vagina, and urinary tract |
|
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Term
| What are the symptoms of candidiasis? |
|
Definition
-creamy white patches in the mouth/throat or painful cracks at the corners of the mouth (oral thrush)
-skin rashes/patches/blisters commonly in the groin, btwn fingers/toes, under breast
-vaginal itching and irritation with white dc (vaginal yeast infection) |
|
|
Term
| How is candidiasis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| microscopic examination and/or culture |
|
|
Term
| How is candidiasis treated? |
|
Definition
| antimycotics (typically oral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-everyone can get it
-typically geriatrics on the skin
-women with vaginal
-immunocomprimised and infants with thrush |
|
|
Term
| What is the agent of cryptococosis? Describe it: where do the spores live? How are humans infected? Is it zoonotic? |
|
Definition
-Cryptococcus neoformans (fungus)
-Spores live in soil contaminated with bird droppings. Humans become infected by inhalation of airborne spores
-Not known to be spread from person to person, animal to animal, or from animal to humans (it is essentially just the spore being inhaled) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cryptococosis? |
|
Definition
| initial pulmonary infection may be asymptomatic, most patients present with disseminated infection, especially meningoencephalitis. Most cases in the US occur in HIV-infected persons; mortality 12% |
|
|
Term
| How is cryptococosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| microscopic examination and/or culture |
|
|
Term
| How is cryptococosis treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is affected by cryptococosis? |
|
Definition
| most people will be zero-positive for this, meaning they've been exposed but it usually only manifests in the immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
| What is the agent of histoplasmosis? Describe it: what is the incubation period? where do the spores live? how do humans become infected? |
|
Definition
-histoplasma capsulatum
-the incubation period is 1-3 weeks
-spores live in soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings.
-humans become infected by inhalation of airborne spores |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-respiratory symptoms
-fever
-chest pain
-dry , productive cough
-most have inapparent illness
-acute septic presentation seen in some HIV infected persons
-mortality 10% |
|
|
Term
| How is histoplasmosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| culture or EIA (blood, urine, lavage) |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the treatment for histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| amphotericin B or itraconazole (focuses on antifungals) |
|
|
Term
| who is affected with histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-homeless ppl who live under bridges and come in contact with birds
-occupations (zookeeper, spelunker...) |
|
|
Term
| What is the agent for pneumocystitis? Describe it: where is it found? |
|
Definition
pneumocystis jirovecii (fungal)
-ubiquitous in the respiratory tracts of mammals worldwide |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of pneumocystitis? |
|
Definition
asymptomatic pneumocystitis infection is extremely common
-dyspnea
-nonproductive cough
-fever
-weight loss
-night sweats
-mortality 5-40% |
|
|
Term
| how is pneumocystitis treated? |
|
Definition
| identification of P. jirovecci in bronchopulmonary secretions obtained from induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for pneumocystitis? |
|
Definition
| trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (bactrim septa) is the drug of choice (antibiotic) |
|
|
Term
| Who is affected by pneumocystitis? |
|
Definition
| everyone is equally likely to be infected, but immunocompromised are the most likely to show symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for amebiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the agent in amebiasis? |
|
Definition
| entamoeba histolytica (parasite) |
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period for amebiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is amebiasis transmitted? WHere does it occur? |
|
Definition
-transmitted via foor or water contaminated with feces
-can also be spread via fecal-oral route
-occurs worldwide; most common in tropical areas with crowded living conditions and poor sanitation |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of amebiasis? |
|
Definition
-diarrhea (mucus and blood) increasing in severity
-abdominal cramps
-fatigue
-excessive fas
-fever |
|
|
Term
| How is amebiasis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for amebiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who does amebiasis effect? |
|
Definition
-MSM population (bc they come in contact with the anal region)
-travelers
-immigrants |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for cryptosporiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the agent for cryptosporiosis? |
|
Definition
| cryptosporidium sp (parasite) |
|
|
Term
| what is the incubation period for cryptosporiosis? |
|
Definition
| 7 days on average (can be anywhere from 2-14 days) |
|
|
Term
| How is cryptosporiosis transmitted? |
|
Definition
via food or water contaminated with feces
-can also be spread via fecal-oral route
-linked to recreational water outbreaks |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of cryptosporiosis? |
|
Definition
NON-BLOODY, watery diarrhea
abdominal cramps
fatigue
fever
vomiting |
|
|
Term
| how is cryptosporiosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is cryptosporiosis treated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is cryptosporiosis so often linked to recreational water outbreaks? |
|
Definition
| it is not susceptible to chlorination and it is very small so it can go through filters |
|
|
Term
| Why has the incidence of cryptosporiosis increased all over the country from 2005-2008? |
|
Definition
| because alinia just got FDA approval, before this doctors often would not run tests for something that they could not treat |
|
|
Term
| What is the who, where, and when for cryptosporiosis? |
|
Definition
who: kids
where: water park
when: summer |
|
|
Term
| What is giardiasis commonly referred to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the agent in giardiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the incubation period for giardiasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is giardiasis transmitted? |
|
Definition
via water contaminated with feces, can also be spread via the fecal-oral route
-linked to recreational water outbreaks (lakes) |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms for giardiasis? |
|
Definition
watery diarrhea
gas
FOUL SMELL
stomach or abdominal cramps
nausea/vomiting
dehydration |
|
|
Term
| how is giardiasis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is giardiasis treated? |
|
Definition
-metronidazole (flagil)
-tinidazole
-nitazoxanide |
|
|
Term
| What is the who and when for giardiasis? |
|
Definition
who: kids (bc they get in lakes and drink the water)
when: summer |
|
|
Term
| What is the agent in Helminths infections? |
|
Definition
| enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) |
|
|
Term
| what is the incubation period for Helminths infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is Helminths infections spread? |
|
Definition
| -fecal-oral route either directly by hand or indirectly through contaminated clothing, bedding, food, or other articles |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms for Helminths infections? |
|
Definition
| PERIANAL ITCHING can lead to difficulty sleeping and restlessness |
|
|
Term
| How is Helminths infections diagnosed? |
|
Definition
microscopic examination
*scotch tape test bc the female will lay eggs at night in the perianal area (must be done for 3 consecutive night) |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Helminths infections? |
|
Definition
mebendazole
albendazole
OTC pyrantel pamoate |
|
|
Term
| Will you typically treat the whole family if a child is infected with Helminths infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the agent in toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the incubation period for toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is toxoplasmosis spread? |
|
Definition
-animal to human (ZOONOTIC)
-cats play an important role, they become infected by eating infected rodents, birds, or other small animals-- parasite is then passed in the cat's feces...accidentally swallowing the parasite through contact with the cat feces--MOTHER to CHILD congenital transmission |
|
|
Term
| How is toxoplasmosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is the who in toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| most people have been exposed to this, but only the immunocompromised become symptomatic. Pregnant woman should never clean out the litter boxes of cats |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
-healthy, non-pregnant people often have no symptoms
-mother to child: the earlier the transmission occurs the more severe it is for the child (miscarriage or stillborn)
-infants infected before birth show no symptoms at birth but develop them later in life with potential vision loss, mental disability, and seizures
-immunocompromised: fever, confusion, HA, seizure, Nausea, poor coordination |
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