Term
| Define disease. List 4 possible things from which disease can arise. |
|
Definition
-it is an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs
-arise from: infectious agents, inherent weaknesses, lifestyle, or environmental stresses |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of congenital and hereditary diseases? what are two factors that can lead to them? |
|
Definition
-down syndrome and FAS
-familial tendencies toward certain inborn abnormalities
-injury to the embryo or fetus by environmental factors |
|
|
Term
| What type of disease is an example of allergies and inflammatory diseases? What causes them? |
|
Definition
-infectious diseases
-body reacting to an invasion or injury by a foreign object or substance |
|
|
Term
| What are three examples of degenerative diseases? What causes them? |
|
Definition
-MS, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's
-deterioration of body systems, tissue, and functions |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of metabolic diseases? What do they cause? |
|
Definition
-kidney disease, DM
-cause the dysfunction, poor function, or malfunction of certain organs or physiological processes within the body leading to disease |
|
|
Term
| Describe the disease process of cancer. |
|
Definition
| characterized by abnormal growth of cells that form a variety of tumors, both benign and malignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder with sudden onset, relatively severe, and short duration of symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Define a chronic disease. |
|
Definition
| less severe than an acute disease but of long and continuous duration, last over time periods if not a lifetime |
|
|
Term
| What classifies a disease as communicable? |
|
Definition
| when a disease is contagious (infectious), and/or capable of being transmitted between persons, it is called a communicable disease |
|
|
Term
| What is a non-communicable disease? |
|
Definition
| a disease that is NOT transmitted between persons |
|
|
Term
| Disease occurs when an outside ____________ capable of causing the disease meets a _________ that is vulnerable to it in an _____________ that allows the two to interact. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The epidemiological triangle is a model used to explain the etiology of infectious diseases, what are the three major factors in the pathogenesis of disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define agent, host, environment, and time in relation to the communicable disease model |
|
Definition
agent= the cause of disease
host= an organism, usually a human or an animal, that harbors a disease
environment= those surroundings and conditions external to the human or animal that cause or allow disease transmission
-time= accounts for incubation periods, life expectancy of the host or the pathogen, and duration of the course of the illness or condition |
|
|
Term
| Which element of the epidemiological triangle is usually the best to target when trying to remove the epidemic from existence? |
|
Definition
| it depends on the disease, but the host is usually a good bet |
|
|
Term
| In the natural history of disease, between what to stages is the point of exposure? |
|
Definition
| it is when a susceptible host enters the subclinical stage |
|
|
Term
| In what stage does the beginning of pathological process and changes within the body occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In between which two stages does the onset of symptoms occur? |
|
Definition
| it is the changing point from the subclinical disease stage to the clinical disease stage |
|
|
Term
| What is the last stage of the natural history of disease process? |
|
Definition
| stage of recovery, disability, or death |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 common stages relevant to most diseases |
|
Definition
1. stage of susceptibility
2. stage of pre-symptomatic disease (incubation period, latency period)
3. stage of clinical disease
4. stage of recovery, disability, or death |
|
|
Term
| What is the time interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs of symptoms and disease? |
|
Definition
| the incubation period. it is when the infectious agent replicates within the host and it is useful for determining the etiologic agent |
|
|
Term
| What is the time interval between initial exposure to an infectious agent and a measurable response? |
|
Definition
| the latency period, use typically to describe non-communicable chronic diseases |
|
|
Term
| Why are inapparent infections potentially so dangerous? |
|
Definition
-no symptoms of infection are present
-the disease can be transmitted to unsuspecting hosts
-in asymptomatic individuals clinicians can look for serologic evidence of infection
EX: a pregnant women with an inapparent infection of Hep B can pass it unknowingly to her baby |
|
|
Term
| What is the generation time? |
|
Definition
-the time interval between lodgment of an infectious agent in a host and the max communicability of the host
-it can precede the development of active symptoms
-useful for describing the spread of infectious agents that have large proportions of subclinical cases
-applies both to inapparent and apparent cases of disease |
|
|
Term
| What is colonization? give an example. |
|
Definition
Agents multiply on the surface of the body without invoking tissue or immune response
-Ex: staph or any other normal bacteria we have on our skin, people can be colonized with MRSA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The presence of a living infectious agent on the body's exterior surface, upon which a local reaction may be invoked
(the agent is on the body's surface but it is causing a reaction) |
|
|
Term
| What 5 things happen to a microbe after it enters the GI tract. |
|
Definition
1. delay- incubation period
2. attach to the wall of intestine
3. multiply
4. invade deeper body tissues
5. if toxin is produced, absorbed into bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between infection and intoxication? |
|
Definition
-infection is when you ingest a microbe, there is an incubation period as it replicates and attaches to the intestine wall.
-intoxication is when it is absorbed into the bloodstream and eventually makes you sick |
|
|
Term
| Define vertical transmission. |
|
Definition
| refers to transmission from an individual to its offspring through sperm, placenta, milk, or vaginal secretions |
|
|
Term
| Define horizontal transmission |
|
Definition
| refers to transmission of infectious agents from an infected individual to a susceptible contemporary |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 modes of indirect disease transmission |
|
Definition
-vehicle-borne (food-borne/water-borne)
-fomite-borne (e.g. Hep B spread through needle sharing drug users)
-vector-borne (tickborne and mosquitoborne) (e.g., malaria spread by mosquitos) |
|
|
Term
| Define a fomites and give a few examples. |
|
Definition
-objects that may harbor a disease agent and are capable of transmitting it
-Ex's: door knobs, faucets, computer keyboards, phones, eating utensils, towels, napkins, used razors, used needles, pens, sports equipment, clothes, toys, money |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an invertebrate animal (e.g. tick, mite, mosquito) capable of transmitting an infectious agent among vertebrates. It can spread infectious agent from an infected animal or human to another susceptible through its waste products, bite, body fluids, or indirectly through food contamination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A carrier contains, spreads, or harbors an infectious organism
-Ex: Typhoid Mary (chronic carrier of typhoid fever, causing over 250 cases; personally had no symptoms of disease; taught public health officials the importance of keeping track of carriers) |
|
|
Term
| What is an active carrier? |
|
Definition
| a person who harbors a dx and is spreading it |
|
|
Term
| what is a healthy carrier? |
|
Definition
| a person who has the disease at the moment but is not currently spreading it |
|
|
Term
| What is a passive carrier? |
|
Definition
| same as a healthy carrier. has the dx at the moment but is not currently transmitting it |
|
|
Term
| What is a convalescent carrier? |
|
Definition
| a person who had the dx, is convalescing, but can still transmit the disease |
|
|
Term
| What is an intermittent carrier? |
|
Definition
| A person with Herpes, they might have a sore at which time they can transmit the dx and then they can go back to a healthy state |
|
|
Term
| What is an incubatory carrier? |
|
Definition
| a person going through the incubatory stage of the dx but can still spread it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-The domain external to the host in which the agent may exist, survive, or originate.
-the environment consists of physical, climatologic, biologic, social, and economic components that affect the survival of the agents and serve to bring the agent and host into contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agent is the entity necessary to cause disease in a susceptible host; can be biological, physical, chemical, or nutritional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the organisms such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites that produce disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the ability to cause disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the capacity of an agent to produce infection or disease
-measured by the secondary attack rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the capacity of the agent to cause disease in the infected host
-measured by the proportion of individuals with clinically apparent disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-refers to the severity of the disease
-measured by the proportion of severe or fatal cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capacity of the agent to produce toxin or poison |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of the agent to survive adverse environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of the agent to induce antibody production in the host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -a person (or animal) who permits lodgment of an infectious disease agent under natural conditions |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 classifications of status of a host? |
|
Definition
| -status of the host is classified as: susceptible to the agent, immune to the agent, or infected by the agent |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of disease mechanisms present in hosts? |
|
Definition
| non-specific and disease-specific |
|
|
Term
| Give some examples of non-specific disease mechanisms. What happens to these defense mechanisms as we age? |
|
Definition
-skin, mucosal surfaces, tears, saliva, gastric juices, and the immune system
-nonspecific defense mechanisms such as immunity may decrease as we age |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe the two types of immunity (resistance). |
|
Definition
-Active: administration of a microorganism to invoke an immunologic response that mimics the natural infection
-Passive: short-term immunity provided by a preformed antibody |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of active immunity? |
|
Definition
-natural: results from an infection by the agent
-artificial: results from an injection with a vaccine that stimulates antibody production in the host |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of passive immunity? |
|
Definition
-natural: preformed antibodies are passed to the fetus during pregnancy and provides short term immunity in the newborn
-artificial: preformed antibodies are given to exposed individuals to prevent disease (immunoglobulins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity of a population, group, or community against an infectious disease when a large proportion of individuals are immune either through vaccinations or prior infection |
|
|
Term
| At about what percent of a population being protected from a disease by immunizations does the chance of a major epidemic occurring become highly limited? |
|
Definition
|
|
