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Epi
Epi Study Guide Midterm Summer 2010
46
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
07/07/2010

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Term
What is Epi?
Definition
EPI - on, upon
DEMOS - people
LOGY - study
Epidemology - the study of "what is upon the people"
Term
Features of Epi
Definition
1. fundamental science of public health
2. population perspective
3. comparisons
4. causation
Term
Objectives and Applications of Epi
Definition
1. Describe distribution of health outcomes with in populations
2. Identify causes (etiology) of health outcomes
3. Control health outcomes within populations
4. Provide evidence to guide health policies
Term
Population Types
Definition
1. Target Population
2. Study Population -sample
3. Population at Risk
Term
Risk
Definition
probability that an event will occur within a stated period of time
Term
Risk Factor
Definition
An event, condition or characteristic that puts individuals or groups at risk of developing disease, disability or death
Term
Exposure
Definition
risk factor, or amount of a risk factor to which an individual or a group was exposed
Term
Determinant
Definition
factor that brings about change in a health condition or in other defined characteristic
Term
Types of Risk Factors
Definition
*social factors
*biological factors
*behaviors
*access to health care
*infectious agent
*genes
*neighborhood factors
*national, state, or local policy
*stress
*environmental factors
Term
Health Outcomes
Definition
1. Disability
2. Death (mortality)
3. Disease (morbidity)
4. Development of a risk factor
Term
Disability
Definition
temporary or long-term reduction of a person's capacity to fully function physically, mentally, or socially
Term
Mortality
Definition
*Death
*Measured in terms of:
-persons who died
-causes of death
*survival
-not dying
-not developing disease
Term
Morbidity
Definition
*sickness, illness, disease
*any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well being
*measured in terms of:
-persons who are/were ill
-illness experienced
-length of illness
Term
Stages of Disease
Definition
1. Clinical Disease
2. Non-Clinical Disease
-pre-clinical
-sub-clinical
-latent
-chronic
Term
Natural History of Disease
Definition
used to predict prognosis
PRECLINICAL PHASE
(A) Biologic Onset of Disease
(P) Pathologic Evidence of Disease if Sought
(S)Signs and Symptoms
CLINICAL PHASE
(S) Signs and Symptoms of Disease
(M) Medical Care Sought
(D) Diagnosis
(T) Treatment
Term
Levels of Prevention
Definition
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
Term
Primary Level of Prevention
Definition
action taken to prevent disease in a healthy person
*Purpose: protection of health by personal and commual efforts
*examples: immuniation
Term
Secondary Prevention
Definition
Identification of people who have already developed disease
*Purpose: early detection and intervention
*Example: screening programs
Term
Tertiary Prevention
Definition
maintenance of physical and mental function among persons with disease/outcome
*Purpose: maximize quality and quantity of life
*Example: medical treatment & rehabilitaion
Term
Types of Disease
Definition
1. Infectious
2. Chronic
Term
Infectious Disease
Definition
illness due to a specific infectious agent or it's toxic products - infection from transmission of an agent or its products from an infected person, animal or environment to it's suseptible host - causes outbreaks or epidemics
Term
Chronic Disease
Definition
an illness or condition that persists; does not resolve spontaneously, complete cure is rarely achieved; uncertian causes; multiple risk factors; often long latency period
Term
Infectious Disease Transmission
Definition
1. Direct Transmission
2. Indirect Transmission
Term
Direct Transmission
Definition
1. Direct contact
-mucous membrane to mucous membrane
-cross placental (vertical transmission)
-blood or tissue
-skin to skin
2. Droplet Spread
-sneeze, spit, coughs
Term
Indirect Transmission
Definition
1. Through commmon vehicle
-contaminated food, water, air
2. vectors
3. fomites
4. medical devices adn treatments
Term
Chain of Infection
Definition
infectious agent - reservior - portals of exit - modes of transmission - portals of entry - envronmental host -
Term
Epidemiologic Triad
Definition
agent - host - environment - vector
Term
Susecptibility
Definition
for disease transmission to occur, the host must be susceptible:
-the state of being easily affected by disease risk/occurence
-susceptibility determined by factors unique to host: genetics, immune system, nutrition, competing health conditions
Term
Immunity
Definition
the capacity of a person to remain free of infection or clinical illness after being exposed to an infectious agent
Term
Herd Immunity
Definition
*resistance of a group to introduction and spread of an infectious agent because most members of the group are immune
*resistance is a product of the number susceptibles and the probability that those who are susecptible will come into contact with an infected person
-once large part of the community immune, less likely for an infected person to come in contact with susecptible person
Term
Surveillance
Definition
ongoing systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementing and evaluation of public healht practice
Term
Types of Surveillance
Definition
1. passive
2. active
3. syndromic
Term
Passive Surveillance
Definition
physicians, hospitals, & labs report cases that come to their attention
Term
Active Surveillance
Definition
periodic telephone calling, or personal visits to reporting individuals to obtain data
Term
Syndromic Surveillance
Definition
Signs and Symptoms
using health related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case of an outbreak to warrant further public health notice
Term
Endemic
Definition
usual occurences of a disease or other health outcomes with in an area or population
Term
Epidemic
Definition
occurrences of more disease than expected in a given area or among a specific group of people over a particular period of time
Term
Pandemic
Definition
epidemic occuring over a vary wide area - several countries or continents
Term
Outbreak
Definition
when the number of cases of illness observed in a population is greater than the number of cases of illness expected in that population
Term
Types of Outbreaks
Definition
1. common-vehicle exposure
2. single exposure
3. multiple exposures
Term
Prognosis
Definition
probable course or result of a disease
-recovery
-death
-maintenance of diseased state
predict future course of disease based on:
-research
-conditions of patient
-action of disease
-other factors
Term
Measures of Prognosis
Definition
-deaths per person-year at risk
-case fatality rate
-simple survival rate
-5-year survival rate
-observed survival rate
-relative survival rate
-median survival rate
Term
Measures of Frequency
Definition
-incidence
-prevalence
-mortality
-proportions
Term
Measures of Association
Definition
-differences
-odds ratio
-relative risk
-attributable risk
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
outcome
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
exposure
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