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| The inc8dence of a disease in a population |
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the degree to which a measurement or an estimate based on measurements represents the tre value of the attribute that is being measured.
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| American College of Epidemiology |
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| advisory committee on Health Research |
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| the rate of outcome after controlling for a variable or variables across the entire population or both groups of comparison |
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| the subject to which an outcome is attributable, e.g., bacteria, virus, chemicals, etc. |
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| american journal of epidemiology |
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| the probablility of making a type I error, i.e. the error of rejecting a true null hypothesis |
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| American Journal of Public Health |
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| american public health association |
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| systematic failure to represent equally all classes of sases or persons supposed to be represented in a sample. |
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| the number of people at risk who develop a certain disease divided by the total number of people at risk |
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| the proportion used to calculate the attributable risk. (often synonymously used with attributable risk) |
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| used to9 obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some of the characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristc in healthy and diseased individuals. |
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| the amount or proportion of disease incidence that can be attributed to a specific exposure. |
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a form of selection bias that leads hospital cases and controls in a case-control study to be systematically different from one another.
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| the probability of making a typer II error, i.e. the error of failing to reject a false null hypothesis |
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| any systematic error in the dessign, conduct or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposure's effect ofn the risk of disease. |
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| a distribution in which there ar two peaks |
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| the criterion that an observed, presumably or putatively causal association fits previously existing biological or medical knowledge |
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| the component of the population born during a particular period and identified by period of birth so that its characterstics can be ascertained as it enters successive time and age periods |
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| keeping the observer(s) and/or subjects ignoratnt of the group to wich the subjects are assigned. |
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| a person in the population or study group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation. |
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| a study in which cases are defined as those with the disease and controls are those without the disease. we can then study the significance between exposure an dnon-exposure from th etwo groups. note: this study begins with diseased and non-diseased people |
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| determines what percentage of people diagnosed as having a certain disease die within a certain time after diagnosis |
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| an alternative to randomization in that no comparison is made with an untreated group or with a group recieving some other treatment |
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| data that can be separated into different categories distinguished bty a nonnumeric characteristic. |
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| factors that increase risk for an event |
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| control of communicable diseased manual |
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| center for disease control and prevention |
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Term
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Definition
loss of subjects from a follow-up study; the occurence of teh vevent of interest (i.e. developing a disease or death) among such subjects is uncertain after a specified time when it was known that the event of interest had not occurred; it is not known, however, if or when the event of interest occurred subsequently. such subjects are considered censored.
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| a disease that will last for a considerable amount of time if not untill death. ill effects and/or complications are usually delayed and gradual. |
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| Council for International Organizatino of the Medical Sciences |
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Definition
| bias due to a misclassification (ex. measurement error) |
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| disease characterized by signs and symptoms |
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| a form of study that utilizes randomly assigned data in establishing sound cause-effect association(s) of an agent or factor to a disease, condition, or death |
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Definition
| a set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly interrelated subgroups |
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| cohort study (prospective study) |
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| a study that comparees the incidence of disease between a group of exposed individuals and a group of non-exposed individuals. note: this study begins with exposed and nonexposed people. |
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| outbreak due to exposure of a group of persons to a noxious influence that is common to the indivuiduals in the group |
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| experiment in which the prevention or therapy is administered to the entire community (ex. fluoridation of drinkng water.) |
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| the computed interval with a given probability, e.g. 98% that the true value of a variable is contained within the interval. |
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| confounding is a term used when variables or factors known to be related, or associated with, can influence the state of the subjects being studied. |
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| table of observedfrequencies where the rows correspond to one variable of classification and the columns correspond to another variable of classification; simplest form is the two by two table |
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| a bias due to aggregation at the population level of causes and/or effects that are unlike at the individual level,occurring in ecological studies. |
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| a method of comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are sqitched to another |
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Definition
| a study in which both exposure and disease outcome are determined simultaneously for each subject; it is as if we were viewing a snapshot of the population at a certain point of time |
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Definition
| a method for detemining which of the possible agents is likely to be the cause when confronted with several possible causal agents. |
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Definition
| the incidence is calculated by using a period of time during which all of the individuals in the population are considered to be at risk for the outcome. |
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Definition
| analyses are done on a post hoc basis without the benefit of pre-stated hypotheses. these analyses are usually consideredunacceptable |
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Definition
| bias due to systematic errors in methods of ascertainment, diagnosis, or verification of cases in an epidemiological study |
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Definition
| the difference between a true value and that obtained as a result of faulty design of a study. |
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| the process of determining health status and the factors responsible for producing it |
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Definition
| a variable in which there are only two levels or categories |
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| one determinant is directly associated with an outcome without any intermediate determinants |
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| transmitting an agent directly from the host to the susceptible. for example, person-to-person transmision by direct contact. |
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| a relationship in which a change in amount, intensity, or duration of exposure is associated with a change---either an increase or a decrease---in risk of specified outcome. |
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| study conducted during a foodborne-illness investigation where the investigators ask whether the suspect food was eaten or not eaten |
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Definition
| a bias that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily represent the association that exists at an individual level |
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Definition
| a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals |
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Definition
| the change of one factor alters the outcome involved. using a factor, i.e. age, to modify the effec of a putative causal factor under study. |
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Definition
| the extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions |
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Definition
| Comercially available statistical software for logistic regression |
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Definition
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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Definition
| epidemic intelligence service |
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Definition
| the habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area. also referred to as the usual occurrence of a given disease within such an area |
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Definition
| expanded programme on immunization |
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Definition
| field statistical epidemiology software developed by the CDC |
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Definition
| the occcurrence in a community or region of a group or illnessesof similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or a propagated source. |
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Definition
1.) the study of how disease is distributed in populations and of the factors that influence or determine this distribution.
2.) the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems. |
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Definition
| all that which is external to the individual human host |
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| a graphic plotting for the distribution of cases by times of onset |
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Definition
| synonymous with attributable fraction |
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Definition
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Definition
| the absolute difference between the rates of disease in the entire population and the rates of disease among the non-exposed |
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Definition
| the ability to generalize your treatment over an entire population based on the results of your sample study population |
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Definition
| people who have the diseas and who are erroneously called "negative" for the disease |
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Definition
| people who do not have the diseaweand who are erroneously called "positive" by the test |
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Term
| food-specific attack rate |
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Definition
| number of people who ate a certain food and became ill divided by the total number of people who ate that food |
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| four parts of a scientific manuscript |
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Definition
1. intro
2. methods
3. results
4. Discussion |
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Definition
| a cohort study on a cardiovasculardisease, which was begun in 1948 in massachusetts and consisted of a little over five thousand subjects. |
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Definition
| geographic information system |
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Definition
| was the first to create vital statistics table |
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Definition
| a mathematical modeling technique that allows one to analyze prospectively collected data |
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Definition
| defined as the resistance of a group to an attakc by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune |
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