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Epi terms pgs 1-5 sdsu
PH302 terms
90
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
03/22/2010

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Cards

Term
Absolute Risk
Definition
The inc8dence of a disease in a population
Term
accuracy
Definition

the degree to which a measurement or an estimate based on measurements represents the tre value of the attribute that is being measured.

 

Term
ACE
Definition
American College of Epidemiology
Term
ACHR
Definition
advisory committee on Health Research
Term
Adjusted rates
Definition
the rate of outcome after controlling for a variable or variables across the entire population or both groups of comparison
Term
agent
Definition
the subject to which an outcome is attributable, e.g., bacteria, virus, chemicals, etc.
Term
AJE
Definition
american journal of epidemiology
Term
Alpha
Definition
the probablility of making a type I error, i.e. the error of rejecting a true null hypothesis
Term
AmJPH
Definition
American Journal of Public Health
Term
ANOVA
Definition
Analysis of variance
Term
APHA
Definition
american public health association
Term
Ascertainment Bias
Definition
systematic failure to represent equally all classes of sases or persons supposed to be represented in a sample.
Term
attack rate
Definition
the number of people at risk who develop a certain disease divided by the total number of people at risk
Term
attributable fraction
Definition
the proportion used to calculate the attributable risk.  (often synonymously used with attributable risk)
Term
bayesian theory
Definition
used to9 obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some of the characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristc in healthy and diseased individuals.
Term
attributable risk
Definition
the amount or proportion of disease incidence that can be attributed to a specific exposure.
Term
berkson's bias
Definition

a form of selection bias that leads hospital cases and controls in a case-control study to be systematically different from one another.

 

Term
beta
Definition
the probability of making a typer II error, i.e. the error of failing to reject a false null hypothesis
Term
bias
Definition
any systematic error in the dessign, conduct or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposure's effect ofn the risk of disease.
Term
bimodal curve
Definition
a distribution in which there ar two peaks
Term
biological plausibility
Definition
the criterion that an observed, presumably or putatively causal association fits previously existing biological or medical knowledge
Term
birth cohort
Definition
the component of the population born during a particular period and identified by period of birth so that its characterstics  can be ascertained as it enters successive time and age periods
Term
blinding
Definition
keeping the observer(s) and/or subjects ignoratnt of the group to wich the subjects are assigned.
Term
case
Definition
a person in the population or study group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or condition under investigation.
Term
case-control study
Definition
a study in which cases are defined as those with the disease and controls are those without the disease.  we can then study the significance between exposure an dnon-exposure from th etwo groups.  note: this study begins with diseased and non-diseased people
Term
case-fatality rate
Definition
determines what percentage of people diagnosed as having a certain disease die within a certain time after diagnosis
Term
case series (case study)
Definition
an alternative to randomization in that no comparison is made with an untreated group or with a group recieving some other treatment
Term
categorical data
Definition
data that can be separated into different categories distinguished bty a nonnumeric characteristic.
Term
causal factors
Definition
factors that increase risk for an event
Term
CCDM
Definition
control of communicable diseased manual
Term
CDC
Definition
center for disease control and prevention
Term
censoring
Definition

loss of subjects from a follow-up study; the occurence of teh vevent of interest (i.e. developing a disease or death) among such subjects is uncertain after a specified time when it was known that the event of interest had not occurred; it is not known, however, if or when the event of interest occurred subsequently.  such subjects are considered censored.

 

Term
chronic disease
Definition
a disease that will last for a considerable amount of time if not untill death.  ill effects and/or complications are usually delayed and gradual.
Term
CIOMS
Definition
Council for International Organizatino of the Medical Sciences
Term
Classification bias
Definition
bias due to a misclassification (ex. measurement error)
Term
clinical disease
Definition
disease characterized by signs and symptoms
Term
clinical trials
Definition
a form of study that utilizes randomly assigned data in establishing sound cause-effect association(s) of an agent or factor to a disease, condition, or death
Term
cluster analysis
Definition
a set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly interrelated subgroups
Term
cohort study (prospective study)
Definition
a study that comparees the incidence of disease between a group of exposed individuals and a group  of non-exposed individuals.  note: this study begins with exposed and nonexposed people.
Term
common source epidemic
Definition
outbreak due to exposure of a group of persons to a noxious influence that is common to the indivuiduals in the group
Term
community trial
Definition
experiment in which the prevention or therapy is administered to the entire community (ex. fluoridation of drinkng water.)
Term
concurrent cohort study
Definition
see longitudinal study
Term
confidence interval
Definition
the computed interval with a given probability, e.g. 98% that the true value of a variable is contained within the interval.
Term
confounding
Definition
confounding is a term used when variables or factors known to be related, or associated with, can influence the state of the subjects being studied.
Term
contingency table
Definition
table of observedfrequencies where the rows correspond to one variable of classification and the columns correspond to another variable of classification; simplest form is the two by two table
Term
cox regression
Definition
a type of hazard model
Term
cross-level bias
Definition
a bias due to aggregation at the population level of causes and/or effects that are unlike at the individual level,occurring in ecological studies.
Term
crossover study design
Definition
a method of comparing two or more treatments or interventions in which the subjects, upon completion of the course of one treatment, are sqitched to another
Term
cross-sectional study
Definition
a study in which both exposure and disease outcome are determined simultaneously for each subject; it is as if we were viewing a snapshot of the population at a certain point of time
Term
cross-tabulation
Definition
a method for detemining which of the possible agents is likely to be the cause when confronted with several possible causal agents.
Term
cumulative incidence
Definition
the incidence is calculated by using a period of time during which all of the individuals in the population are considered to be at risk for the outcome.
Term
data dredging
Definition
analyses are done on a post hoc basis without the benefit of pre-stated hypotheses.  these analyses are usually consideredunacceptable
Term
detection bias
Definition
bias due to systematic errors in methods of ascertainment, diagnosis, or verification of cases in an epidemiological study
Term
design bias
Definition
the difference between a true value and that obtained as a result of faulty design of a study.
Term
diagnosis
Definition
the process of determining health status and the factors responsible for producing it
Term
dichotomous variable
Definition
a variable in which there are only two levels or categories
Term
direct cause
Definition
one determinant is directly associated with an outcome without any intermediate determinants
Term
direct transmission
Definition
transmitting an agent directly from the host to the susceptible.  for example, person-to-person transmision by direct contact.
Term
dose-response
Definition
a relationship in which a change in amount, intensity, or duration of exposure is associated with a change---either an increase or a decrease---in risk of specified outcome.
Term
eaten/not eaten study
Definition
study conducted during a foodborne-illness investigation where the investigators ask whether the suspect food was eaten or not eaten
Term
ecological bias
Definition
a bias that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily represent the association that exists at an individual level
Term
ecological study
Definition
a study in which the units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals
Term
effect modification
Definition
the change of one factor alters the outcome involved.  using a factor, i.e. age, to modify the effec of a putative causal factor under study.
Term
efficacy
Definition
the extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions
Term
EGRET
Definition
Comercially available statistical software for logistic regression
Term
ELISA
Definition
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Term
EIS
Definition
epidemic intelligence service
Term
endemic
Definition
the habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area.  also referred to as the usual occurrence of a given disease within such an area
Term
EPI
Definition
expanded programme on immunization
Term
EpiInfo
Definition
field statistical epidemiology software developed by the CDC
Term
Epidemic
Definition
the occcurrence in a community or region of a group or illnessesof similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or a propagated source.
Term
epidemiology
Definition

1.)  the study of how disease is distributed in populations and of the factors that influence or determine this distribution.

 

2.) the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control health problems.

Term
environment
Definition
all that which is external to the individual human host
Term
epidemic curve
Definition
a graphic plotting for the distribution of cases by times of onset
Term
etiologic fraction
Definition
synonymous with attributable fraction
Term
etiology
Definition
the cause of a disease
Term
excess risk
Definition
the absolute difference between the rates of disease in the entire population and the rates of disease among the non-exposed
Term
external validity
Definition
the ability to generalize your treatment over an entire population based on the results of your sample study population
Term
false negatives
Definition
people who have the diseas and who are erroneously called "negative" for the disease
Term
false positives
Definition
people who do not have the diseaweand who are erroneously called "positive" by the test
Term
food-specific attack rate
Definition
number of people who ate a certain food and became ill divided by the total number of people who ate that food
Term
four parts of a scientific manuscript
Definition

1. intro

2. methods

3. results

4. Discussion

Term
framingham study
Definition
a cohort study on a cardiovasculardisease, which was begun in 1948 in massachusetts and consisted of a little over five thousand subjects.
Term
GIS
Definition
geographic information system
Term
Graunt, John
Definition
was the first to create vital statistics table
Term
hazard model
Definition
a mathematical modeling technique that allows one to analyze prospectively collected data
Term
herd immunity
Definition
defined as the resistance of a group to an attakc by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
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