Term
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Definition
800 MIL PPL IN THE WORLD DON'T HAVE ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER
EVERY $1 SPEND ON OBTAININ CLEAN WATER IS $5.50 SAVE BY PRVENTING ILLNESS AND DISEASE
50% OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD WILL SUFFER AN ILLNESS
4 HRS ARE SPENT FECTHING WATER (WOMEN)
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Term
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Definition
WHERE DO WE PUT HUMAN FECES 2.6 BILLION PPL LACK SANTITATION
>200 MIL TONS OF SEWAGE UNTREATED EVERY YEAR
90% DEVELOPING WORLD DISCHARGES RAW SEWAGE DIRECTLY INTO SOIL, LAKE, RIVERS, AND OCEANS
WHO ESTIMATES 1.4 MILLION CHILDREN DIE EACH YEAR
EVERY $1 INVESTED RETURN OVER $8
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Term
HANDWASHING
GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY |
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Definition
THE SIMPLE ACT OF WASHING ONE'S HAND CAN REDUCE DIARRHEAL DISEASE BY 33%
THE WORLD'S TOTAL WATER SUPPLY CAN'T BE INCREASED
ONLY BE MANANGED
3% EARTH WATER IS FRESH THE REST IS IN POLAR ICE CAPS OR TOO DEEP TO ACCESS
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Term
| 4 TYPES OF WATER CONVEYANCE IN LA |
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Definition
1. DRIKING WATER
2. SEWER SYSTEM
3. RECLAIMED WATER
4. STORM DRAIN(MS4) |
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Term
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Definition
1. SOLID (ICE)
2. LIQUID
3. GAS (WATER VAPOR) |
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Term
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Definition
CONCEPTS:
WATER CYCLES THROUGH VARIOUS POOLS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
CYCLING OCCURS WHEN WATER CHANGES STATE( LIQUID TO VAPOR)
THIS IS CYCLYING IS DRIVEN BY SOLAR ENERGY |
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Term
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Definition
R.H. = Actual Vapor Pressure x 100
Saturation Vapor Pressure
* Saturation VP is a unique function of TEMPERATURE *
Ex: @ 90 F, Sat. VP = 48.1 mb
- What is R.H. if actual VP is 10.2 mb at 90 F?
10.2mb/48.1mb x 100 = 21% |
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Term
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Definition
If R.H. is 100%, sweat will not evaporate into the air and we feel much hotter! (Florida!)
At 100% R.H., the air can’t hold more water vapor and clouds form.
* R.H. does not have to be 100% for it to rain * |
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Term
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Definition
Air cools 3.5 F per 1,000 foot elevation gain.- one of the driving forces for the Hydrologic Cycle
Problem: We climb Mt. Whitney (15,000’) – how cold is it at the summit if it is 70 F in Lone Pine (3,000’)?
ANSWER 28F |
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Term
| WATE'S STRANGE PROPERTIES |
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Definition
Expansion upon freezing (forms a crystalline structure)
Higher boiling temperature (vs. other Group 6A Hydrides)
Higher melting point (32 Degrees)
Higher cohesion (sticks together – i.e., straw)
Higher Specific Heat (Resists changes in temp.)
High Heat of Vaporization (Resists evaporating) |
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Term
| WATER'S STRANGE PROPERTIES |
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Definition
Expansion upon freezing (forms a crystalline structure)
Higher boiling temperature (vs. other Group 6A Hydrides)
Higher melting point (32 Degrees)
Higher cohesion (sticks together – i.e., straw)
Higher Specific Heat (Resists changes in temp.)
High Heat of Vaporization (Resists evaporating) |
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Term
| WATER'S STRANGE PROPERTIES |
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Definition
DENSITY: at 4 degrees C, maximum density
- so, in the middle of winter, ice on a lake floats on top of water.
- Below 4 degrees C, water starts to expand to form its crystalline structure. |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria (Ex: Vibrio cholera, E., coli)
Viruses (Polio, Norwalk Virus)
Protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
* We use indicator organisims (E. coli) * |
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Term
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Definition
CDC recommends a CT-value of 9600, after a fecal accident. - CT = Time x Chlorine Concentration (mins) x (mg/L)
Example: 20 ppm free Chlorine for 8 hours
(480) x (20mg/L) = 9600 |
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Term
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Definition
pH: 7.2 – 8.0
Chlorine level a minimum of 1 ppm
Pool turnover time of 6 hours or less
Occupant Load: 1 per 20 sq. ft. (10 sq. ft. for spa)
Split main drains and/or anti-entrapment devices |
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Term
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Definition
It is the most legislated, debated, and litigated river in the world
Main water source for the Southwest
Between 1918 & 1921 the 7 states were unable to agree
Interstate compacts, federal & state laws, water contracts & treaties now are known as “The Law of the River”
The 1922 Colorado River Compact is the main part (11/24/1922) |
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Term
| CALIFORNIA AND THE COLORADO RIVER |
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Definition
Last ten years: 4.5 to 5.2 maf
Surplus conditions and unused amounts by Arizona & Nevada
MWD will slowly be “weaned” off of surplus water
Palo Verde I.D., Imperial I.D., & Coachella Valley W.D. have 1st rights
- 3.85 maf
MWD is allotted 550,000 af (without surpluses and unused amounts) |
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Term
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Definition
Created Lake Havasu (648,000 af)
Deepest dam in the world (320 feet), but 73% is underground
During construction: excavated 235 feet below the river bed
Dam was completed in 1938
50% of Parker Powerplant is used for MWD to pump water |
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Term
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Definition
Mulholland was first to push idea in the early 1920’s
He performed the first surveys of possible routes
1928 MWD was formed and in 1931 $220 million bond
Construction began in 1932
1st delivery of water was to Pasadena in 1941 (no need for it)
Delivers 1.2 maf, or about 1 billion gallons/day (242 miles) |
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Term
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Definition
580 miles of aqueducts (444 = California Aqueduct)
15 pumping plants along 444 miles lifts water a total of 3,500 feet
Edmonston Pumping Plant lifts water almost 2,000 feet (record)
Two branches: East (Lake Perris) and West (Castaic Lake)
Completed in 1972 |
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Term
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Definition
1908-1913
• Total construction cost approx. $23 million (bond)
• Eastern side of Sierra Nevada
• Entirely by gravity |
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Term
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Definition
In 1781 Spanish established a pueblo of approximately 3,700
Main function was to support Spanish occupation army
Spanish pueblos established near water supplies (LA River) |
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Term
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Definition
In 1860 the population was around 11,000
The LA River and underground aquifers were adequate |
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Term
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Definition
In 1900 the population was around 102,000
The LA River and underground aquifers were not adequate
- the ground water level was dropping very quickly
In 1904 there was a severe water shortage – installation of meters dropped usage from over 150 gal to 138 gal |
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Term
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Definition
In 1893, Fred Eaton originally thought of the idea
He was the former L.A. City Engineer and Mayor
Spent $30,000 of his own money over the next few years
Approached Mulholland and City Leaders in 1904 with a Private/Public partnership idea |
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Term
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Definition
In 1893, Fred Eaton originally thought of the idea
He was the former L.A. City Engineer and Mayor
Spent $30,000 of his own money over the next few years
Approached Mulholland and City Leaders in 1904 with a Private/Public partnership idea |
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Term
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Definition
Mulholland traveled to the Owens Valley and plotted several paths
He reported to the Board that the project was an excellent idea
Estimated a cost of construction of $23 Million
Not only could he build it by gravity but also the aqueduct would generate money by the sale of electricity |
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Term
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Definition
In 1905, $1.5 Million for the purchase of land and water rights-passed 10,787 to 755
In 1907, $23 Million for the construction- passed by a 10:1 margin |
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Term
| FEDERAL WATER LAWS NON DRINKING WATER |
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Definition
1948 Federal Water Pollution Control Act
1972 Amendments established NPDES Program
1977 Amendments: “Clean Water Act”
1987 Amendments: Municipal Storm Water Permits - Phase 1 and Phase 2 |
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Term
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Definition
Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act of 1970
California statute governing water pollution
State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)
Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs)
Regulates discharges to surface AND GROUNDWATER |
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Term
| 4 MAIN WATER SYSTEM TYPES |
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Definition
Storm water
Drinking water
Wastewater
Reclaimed Water (treated wastewater) |
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Term
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Definition
Los Angeles River Watershed
- starts at your doorstep
- curb and gutter line
- catch basins
- open channels
- Los Angeles River empties into Pacific Ocean
UNTREATED! |
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Term
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Definition
When it rains water can percolate into soil/grass/etc., retained onsite, or can runoff of impervious surfaces.
Development increases impervious area, which increases runoff volume and intensity
More people = more pollution
Very efficient flood control system = very efficient discharging pollutants to receiving waters |
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Term
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Definition
Screening to remove large items (i.e., branches from the aqueduct)
Addition of a coagulant with rapid mixing to initiate the formation of floc (alum – aluminum sulfate)
Flocculation (creates settleable solids)
Sedimentation
Filtration (anthracite coal and sand)
Inject Chlorine and ammonia (chloramines) - distribution |
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Term
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Definition
Recommended pressure: 65-75 psi
Minimum for residential connection: 40 psi
Maximum: 150 psi (pressure reducers)
Mains are usually at least 6”
Material: Ductile Iron with cement mortar lining |
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Term
| DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PROTECTION |
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Definition
1.Backflow preventers
2.Under pressure
3.Air gap |
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Term
| DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PROTECTION |
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Definition
1.Backflow preventers
2.Under pressure
3.Air gap |
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Term
| FEDERAL DRINKING WATER LAWS |
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Definition
1974 Safe Drinking Water Act
- MCL – Maximum Contaminant Level - Risk Assessment is heavily influenced by politics |
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Term
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Definition
Preliminary Treatment (screening, flow, pumping, etc)
Primary Treatment (settling & grease/oil removal)
Secondary Treatment (Organic Microorganisms)
Tertiary Treatment (Filtration)
Chlorination and Dechlorination prior to discharge |
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Term
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Definition
Material: VCP: Vitrified Clay Pipe
- why?
Proper design: buildout horizon, 50% d/D
- Peaking Factor usually 2.5
Gravity if at all possible
Proper Maintenance: CCTV, Cleaning, etc. |
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Term
| DRINKING WATER FILTRATION |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
THE TOTAL AMNT OF WATER DOES NOT CHANGE
STARTS WITH EVAPORATION FROM OCEAN (WATER TO GAS)
80% OF EVAPORATION IS FROM OCEANS
20% FROM INLAND WATER AND VEGETATION
WINDS TRANSPORTATION EVAPORATED WATER AROUND THE GLOBE |
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