Term
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Definition
| celluar structure with analogous function to the human skeleton; maintains cell shape |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction and is involved in nearly all metabolic processes |
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Term
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Definition
| disease-causing, non-living particle composed of an inner core of nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid and can reproduce only when they are inside a host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| carry the code from DNA to the ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle within the cell functioning like a miniature stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| "power house of the cell" |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of meiosis beginning with homologous chromosomes, each with its two chromatids, separating and moving to opposite ends of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| non-sister chromatids from homoloegous chromosomes break and exchange genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| type of cell division where one body cell produces four gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| type of inheritance where offspring than show both tan and brown fur(purebred father with brown fur and a purebred mother with tan fur) |
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Term
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Definition
| when gametes are produced. each gamete receives one of two alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| base that pairs with adenine in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| geotype for a homozygous tall pea plant; genotype for a heterozygous tall pea plant |
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Term
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Definition
| results in an RNA copy of a DNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| chance of a child inheriting a recessive disorder caused by a gene, if both parents carry a single recessive gene |
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Term
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Definition
| explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested |
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Term
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Definition
| alteration of allelic frequencies by change events that greatly effects small populations |
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Term
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Definition
| dolphins and fish are unrelated vertebrates with similar body shapes that are adapted for moving efficiently through water; what is the evolutionary process shown by this example? |
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Term
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Definition
| Process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and release energy |
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Term
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Definition
| weakened, dead, or incomplete portions of pathogens or antigens used to prevent disease outbreak |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotype ratio of offspring from two heterozygous parents that have a single dominant trait |
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Term
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Definition
| plants or animals that contain functional recombinant DNA from an organism of a different genus |
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Term
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Definition
| drawing a conclusion based on circumstantial evidence rather than as a result of observation |
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Term
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Definition
| organized study of living things and their interactions with their natural and physical environments |
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Term
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Definition
| any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organisms that can be interbred and produce fertile offspring in nature |
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Definition
| an eplanation for a question or problem that can be tested |
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Term
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Definition
| basic unit of organization of living things |
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Term
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Definition
| any close and permanent association among organisms of different species |
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Term
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Definition
| simple model used to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that use energy from the sun or energy stored in chemical compounds to manufacture their own nutrients |
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Definition
| organism that consumes both plant and animal products |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the last member of a species dies |
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Term
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Definition
| interrelationship where one species benefits, while another species is neither helped nor hurt |
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Term
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Definition
| non living factors: latitude, temperature, precipation, sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| living factors: organisms, predators, diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| states cells are a basic unit of organization, all organisms are made up of one or more cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cells without a nucleus or other organelles, but with nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| moves materials against the concentration gradient and requires energy to overcome flow of materials opposite the concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| small, dark cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and located just outside the nucleus, and play an active role in cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule that stores energy for easy use, formed when a phosphate group is added to ADP |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which cells use light energy to make simple sugars |
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Term
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Definition
| processes that require oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| processes that do not require oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of rRNA, tRNAmmRNA and enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| celluar division resulting in two daughter cells, exactly identical to parent cells, with a complete set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| males and female sex cells, formed during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the passing on of characteristics from parents to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| cell containing two of each kind of chromosome, 2n number of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecule composed of nucleotides (suar, phosphate, and nitrogen base) |
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Term
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Definition
| insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that nonliving material can produce life |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism for change in a population (can be directional, stabalizing, disruptive) survival of the fittest |
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Term
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Definition
| modern classficiation system designed by Linnaeus using two word naming for organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| disproved the idea of spontaneous generation by conducting experiements with curve necked flasks |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle used in plant cells to carry out the process of photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| physical evidence of an organism that lived long ago that scientists use to study the past |
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Term
| Eubacterua/Archaebacteria |
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Definition
| kingdoms that include prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
| kingdom that includes eukaryotes that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments (unicelluar) |
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Term
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Definition
| kingdom that includes heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
kingdom that includes multicelluar
autotrophs(with cell walls) with complex organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
| kingdom that includes multicelluar heterotrphs (wthout cell walls) |
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Term
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Definition
| dating method that relies on the position of rock layers |
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Term
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Definition
| method bacteria use to reproduce asexually |
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Term
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Definition
| complex carbohydrate found in the cell wall of most fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| long filament used to propel autotrophic algae through the water |
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Term
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Definition
| major pigment of photosynthetic autotrophs (green algae and plants) |
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Term
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Definition
| plants in which the transport of water and other substances is mainly by osmosis and diffusion from cell to cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of tubelike elongated cells through which water and other materials are transported throughout the plant (xylem and phloem) |
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Term
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Definition
| a key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters |
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Term
| alteration of generations |
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Definition
| life cycle found in algae, fungi, and all plants where an organisms alternates between a haploid gametophyte generation and a diploid sporophyte generation |
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Term
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Definition
| inward movement of cells to form two cell layers, the endoderm and ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| system where blood moves through vessels into open spaces around the body organs |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cord found in all chordates that form the spinal cord and brain |
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Term
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Definition
| type of symmetry exhibited by a sand dollar |
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Term
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Definition
| phylum that contains organisms with a mantle, bilateral symmetry, a digestive tract with two openings, and a muscular foot (some organisms will contain a hard shell-univalve or bivalve) |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to describe non-motile asymmetrical organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| thin-walled, internal sac found just below the backbone in bony fishes (used to control water depth) |
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Term
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Definition
| orgnisms with three-chambered hearts, eggs without shells laid in water, smooth moist skin, live larval stage in water and adult stage on land and water |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms with adaptations for flight, feathers, a keel-shaped sternum, four-chambered heart, endothermic, reinforced hollow bones, a beak and air sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that are ectotherms that have dry, scally skin, internal fertilization, and amniotic eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| provides nourishment to the embryo and contains membranes that protect it while it develops in a terrestrial environment |
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Term
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Definition
| hollow, muscular organ in which offspring of placental mammals develop |
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Term
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Definition
| learned behavior in which an animal, at a specific critical time of its life, forms a social attachment to another object |
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Term
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Definition
| system that functions to digest food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminate undigested food and other wastes |
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Term
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Definition
| internal mechanism in which a substance is fed back to inhibit the original signal and reduce production of a substance (example: hormones in the endocrine system) |
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Term
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Definition
| regulation of internal envionment to maintain conditions suitable for survival |
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Term
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Definition
| each cell does a specific function for a larger organ or tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which chromosomal DNA is copied before mitosis or meiosis takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone in males that stimualtes production of sperm, secondary sex characterisitcs, production of FSH and LH |
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Term
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Definition
| defending against a specific pathogen by gradually building up a resistance to it |
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Term
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Definition
| group of ecosystems with the same climax communities; terrestrial or aquatic |
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Term
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Definition
| number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely |
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Term
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Definition
| cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| innate behavior based on the 24 hour cycle of the day; light-regulated; determines sleep and awake |
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Term
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Definition
| set of three nitrogenous bases that represent amino acid |
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Term
| compound light microscope |
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Definition
| instrument that uses light to magnify objects |
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Term
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Definition
| animal with endoskeleton and backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| biomes surrounding the north and south pole |
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Term
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Definition
| orderly natural changes and specie replacement that take place in the ecosystem over time |
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Term
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Definition
| things that absorb nutrients from dead organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| growth pattern where population grows faster as it increases in size |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a physical barrier divides a population |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of reproduction with fusion of haploid sex cells |
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Term
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Definition
| something that builds back muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organisms all the same species that interbreed and live at the same place at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| a chart of metaphase chromosome pairs arranged accordingly to length and location of the centromer use of determined numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| antibiotic or biotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction or distribution of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| type of reproduction where one parent produces one or more identical offsprings without the fusion of gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| inherent patterns of a trait controlled by two or more genes that may be different |
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Term
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Definition
| genes controlled by sex chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| graphic representation of a genetic inheritance and it is used to map genetic traits between several generations |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant such as a cycad or conifer whose seeds are not enclosed within an ovary but are arranged in cones |
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Term
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Definition
| using lungs, gills, skin to provide exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| the evolution of two or more interdependent species, each adapting to changes in the other |
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Term
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Definition
| a protective response of the body's immune system that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen-a virus or bacteria) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| process of observtions and study of plants and animals in their natural setting |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment |
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Term
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Definition
| organism that represents a feeding step in the movement of energy and materials through an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of being continued with minimal long term effects on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| responsibility for environmental quality shared by all those whose actions affect the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| in an experiment, the condition that is tested because it affects the outcome of the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| nonmembrane bound organelles in the nucleus and in the cell where proteins are assembled |
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Term
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Definition
| the anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of random combinations of chromosome sin meiosis and of gene on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage at random of one of each diploid pair of homologous chromosomes into each gamete independently of one other pair |
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Term
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Definition
| disease producing agent such as bacteria, protozoans, fungi, viruses, and other parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host |
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Term
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Definition
| disease-causing microbes that have become resistant to drug therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| substances produced by a micro organism that, in small amounts, will kill or inhibit growth and reproduction of other microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| instinctive seasonal movements of animals from place to place |
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Term
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Definition
| structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species; may provide protection from predators |
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Term
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Definition
| photosynthetic green plant or chemosynthetic bacterium, constituting the first trophic level in a food chain; autotroph |
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Term
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Definition
| model that shows all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community |
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Term
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Definition
| cycle of evaporation and condensation that controls the distribution of the earth's water as it evaporates from bodies of water, condenses, precipitates, and returns to those bodies of water; hydologic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular control of amount and timing of changes to the appearance of the product of a gene; control of gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| mating of an individual of unknown genotypes with an individual of known genotype; can help determine the unknown genotype of a parent |
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Term
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Definition
| any segmented worm of the phylum Annelida, including eathworms, leeches, and various marine forms |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which living organisms obtain appropriate foods and use it for growth, metabolism, and repair |
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Term
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Definition
| combined processes, including photosynthesis, decomposition, and respiration, by which carbon as a component of various compounds cycles between its major reservoirs- the atomosphere, oceans, and living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| curve of exponential population growth over a short period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| a two layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molescules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphates ends facing outward |
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Term
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Definition
| the substance acted upon by an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| a purine base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon ring structure found in DNA and RNA that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen; includes adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendel's third law; states that one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive, unless both factors are recessive |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation due to reorganization of a gene (point mutation) |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of genes in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| outward appearance of an organism, regardless of its genes |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic cross made to examine the distribution of one specific set of alleles in the resulting offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| minor evolutionary change observed over a short period of time; gradual accumulation leading to new varieties of species |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that cannot make their own food and must feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the amount of living material and formation of new structures in an organism; a characteristic of all living things |
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Term
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Definition
| system by which lymph is returned from the cells to the blood and by which white blood cells are produced in response to inflammation or presence of antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins in the blood plasma produced in reaction to antigens that react with and disable antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| state of reduced metabolism occuring in animals that sleep during parts of cold winter months; an animal's temperature drops, oxygen consumption decreases, and breathing rate declines |
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Term
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Definition
| growth or movement of a sessile organism toward or away from a source of light |
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Term
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Definition
| graphical representation designed to show the biomass or productivity at each trophic level in a given ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| haploid form of an organism in alternation of generations that produces gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| in plants, the loss of water through stomata |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year (birthrate) |
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Term
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Definition
| study of population characteristics such as growth, rate, age structure, and geographic distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| warming of the surface water of the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, occurring every 4 to 12 ears and causing unusual global weather patterms; sometimes called wouthern oscillation |
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Term
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Definition
| introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| methods and plans to protect biodiversity |
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Term
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Definition
| natural resources that are replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable to its rate of consumption by humans |
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Term
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Definition
| procedure that tests a hypothesis by collecting information under controlled conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| unicelluar, heterotrophic, animal-like protist |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary immune response characteristic of swelling, heat, redness, and pain; includes an influx of white blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular plant tissue made up of tubular cells that transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant |
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Term
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Definition
| plants having their seeds enclosed in an ovary; a flowering plant |
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Term
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Definition
| in protozoans, cytoplasm containing extensions of the plasma membrane; aid in locomotion and feeding |
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Term
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Definition
| from male reproductive organs to female reproductive organs of plants; usually within the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| viral replication cycle in which a virus takes over a host cell's genetic material and uses the host cell's structures and energy to replicate until the host cell crusts, killing it |
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Term
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Definition
| large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane, that carries out some life activities, such as growth and division |
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Term
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Definition
| autotrophic process where organisms obtain energy from the breakdown of inorganic compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles that transform energy stored in food molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that are composed of two or more cells (eukaryotic) |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically identical copy of an organism or gene |
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Term
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Definition
| fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists; provide support and protection |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane-bound space in the cytoplasm of cells used for the temporary storage of materials |
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Term
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Definition
| scientist who formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| botanist and founder of the modern classification system for plants and animals and binomial nomenclature |
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