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Enzymes, Bioenergetics, and Specific Metabolic Pathways
Enzymes, Bioenergetics, and Specific Metabolic Pathways
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Bible Studies
Undergraduate 1
05/10/2011

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Term
Enzyme
Definition
Biological catalysts that speed up the rates of reactions without being consumed
Term
Catalytic power
Definition
Can increase rates of reactions 10^9 to 10^20 times compared to uncatalyzed reactions
Term
Enzyme names
Definition
Based on the substrate or type of reaction that is catalyzed. Usually end in "-ase".
Term
Carboxypeptidase
Definition
An enzyme that hydrolyzed the carboxyl terminal residue of a polypeptide
Term
Acetylcholinesterase
Definition
An enzyme that hydrolyzes the ester bond of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Term
Dehydrogenases
Definition
A family of enzymes that transfer hydrogen from the substrate to a coenzyme. Enzymes that remove hydrogen.
Term
Substrate
Definition
Reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
Term
Active site
Definition
The site on an enzyme where substrate binds and where reaction takes place
Term
Cofactor
Definition
A non-protein component required by some enzymes for activity.
Term
Types of cofactors
Definition
Metal ions, coenzymes (organic or metallic organic cofactors such as heme)
Term
Prosthetic group
Definition
A cofactor that is tightly bound to the protein (ex: heme)
Term
Holoenzyme
Definition
Cofactor + apoenzyme
Term
Activation
Definition
Any process that initiates or increases the activity of an enzyme
Term
Inhibition
Definition
Any process that decreases the activity of an enzyme
Term
Enzyme activity
Definition
Measure of rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
Term
Substrate concentration
Definition
Rate of reaction = proportional to substrate concentration
Term
Temperature
Definition
As temp increases, rate increases until it reaches an optimum temp. After the temp continues to increase, rate of reaction drops off because the enzyme becomes denatured.
Term
pH
Definition
Enzymes typically function within a narrow pH. Changing pH results in changes of the ionic state of residues and hydrogen bonding, resulting in denaturation.
Term
Lock-and-key model
Definition
By Emil Fischer, proposes a rigid activation site, only the substrate with correct shape fits the active site.
Term
Induced-fit model
Definition
Daniel Koshland Jr. Active site is more flexible, and binding of correct substrate induces the active site to assume shape for catalysis.
Term
Enzyme activity regulation
Definition
Increasing or decreasing activity to prevent wasteful expenditure of energy to produce products when they are not needed
Term
Types of enzyme activity regulation
Definition

1. Allosteric regulation (allosterism)

2. Feedback inhibition (feedback control)

3. Proenzymes

4. Protein modification

Term
Allosteric enzymes
Definition
Enzymes whose activity is altered by the binding of small molecules called effectors or regulators
Term
Regulators
Definition
Bind to sites on the molecule distinctly different from the active site to alter enzyme activities
Term
Positive modulation
Definition
Binding of the regulator to the enzyme increases its activity. Active site can then bind to a substrate more easily.
Term
Negative modulation
Definition
Binding of the regulator to the enzyme decreases the activity
Term
Classes of reversible inhibitors
Definition

1. Competitive inhibitors

2. Noncompetitive inhibitors

Term
Sulfa drugs
Definition
First antimicrobial drugs. Inhibit an enzyme in the pathway used by bacteria to synthesize folic acid. Without it, bacteria die.
Term
Noncompetetive inhibitors
Definition
Bind to a site distinctly different from active site. Does not compete with the substrate for binding. Instead, they alter the shape of the active site so binding cannot occur.
Term
Functions of metabolism
Definition

1. Obtain energy

2. Generate building blocks for protein synthesis

3. Synthesize proteins

4. Produce or modify biological molecules

Term
Catabolism
Definition
Set of pathways that breakdown molecules
Term
Catabolism functions
Definition

1. Degradation (break things down)

2. Oxidation

3. Reactions that release energy

Term
Anabolism
Definition
Set of metabolic reactions to build molecules
Term
Functions of anabolism
Definition

1. Synthesis of molecules

2. Reduction reactions

3. Reactions that require energy input

Term
Matrix
Definition
Contains aqueous, gel-like solution. Contains enzymes of oxidative metabolism.
Term
Outer membrane
Definition
Very porous, ions flow through
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Energy factory, generate most of the cell's ATP
Term
Inner membrane of mitochondria
Definition
Impermeable to most ions & molecules. Highly folded to increase surface area.
Term
Two parts of the common metabolic pathway
Definition

1. Citric acid cycle

2. Electron transport chain

Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine triphosphate. Energy currency of cell. Has two high energy phosphoanhydride bonds and one phosphoester bond.
Term
ADP
Definition
Adenosine diphosphate. Two phosphate groups, contains one phosphoanhydride bond. One phosphoester bond.
Term
Agents for transfer of electrons in biological oxidation-reduction reactions (help carry them out)
Definition

1. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: NAD+

2. Flavin adenine dinucleotide: FAD

Term
NAD+
Definition
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Nicotinamide + ribose + ADP. Oxidized form of NADH. Reaction of NAD+ to NADH is reversible.
Term
FAD
Definition
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) + ADP. Oxidized form of FADH2).
Term
Agent for transfer of Acetyl groups
Definition

Coenzyme A (CoA).

Made of phosphorylated ADP + pantothenic acid + mercaptoethylamine.

Term
Citric acid cycle
Definition
A major metabolic pathway involved in the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. It is part of the third and final stage in the overall pathway of catabolism.
Term
Highlights of the citric acid cycle
Definition

1. Conversion of citrate to isocitrate

2. Oxidative decarboxylation

3. Substrate level phosphorylation

4. Other oxidative reactions

Term
Conversion of citrate to isocitrate
Definition
Converts tertiary alcohol to a secondary alcohol which can be oxidized
Term
Oxidative decarboxylation
Definition
Isocitrate + NAD+ = alpha ketoglutoride + CO2 + NADH + H
Term
Substrate level phosphorylation
Definition
Succinyl-CoA + GDP + Pi = Succinate + GTP + CoA
Term
Other oxidative reactions
Definition

Succinate + FAD = Fumarate + FADH2

 

Malate + NAD = Oxalacetate + NADH + H

Term
Citrate synthase
Definition

Activators: Acetal CoA

Inhibitors: NADH

Term
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Definition

Activated by Ca2+ & ADP

Inhibited by NADH, ATP

 

Term
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Definition

Activators: Ca2+

Inhibitors: NADH, ATP, succinyl-CoA

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