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| an interdisciplinary study of how humans interact with the living and nonliving parts of their environment |
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| The key component of environmental science |
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| groups of organisms that resemble one another in appearance, behavior, chemical makeup, and processes, and genetic structure |
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| Community of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up its nonliving environment |
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| A social movement dedicated to protecting the Earth's life-support systems for us and other species |
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| scientific principles of sustainability |
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| reliance on solar energy, biodiversity, and chemical cycling |
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| Any foods, elements, or compounds an organism must take in to live, grow, and reproduce |
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| Wastes of any organism become nutrients or raw materials for other organisms |
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| supports life and human economies; |
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| materials and energy that are essential or useful to humans |
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| processes that provide benefits to humans at no cost; the results of ecosystem processes that confer benefits on human society |
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| social science principles of sustainability |
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Definition
| economics (full cost pricing), politics (win-win results), and ethics (responsibility to future generation) |
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| Many economists urge us to find ways to include the harmful environmental and health costs of producing and using goods and services in their market prices |
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| solar energy because of its continuous supply is expected to last at least 6 billion years |
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| The highest rate at which we can use a renewable resource without reducing the available supply |
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| never regenerate nor require geological time scales to renew |
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| increase in output of a nation's goods and services |
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| annual market value of all goods and services produced |
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| use economic growth to raise living standards |
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| U.S., Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and most European countries |
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| most countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America |
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| natural capital degradation |
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| pollute or diminish natural resources and ecosystem services |
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| a fundamental environmental problem resulting from human activities |
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| water, fuel, and landfill |
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| Materials that can be broken down into simpler substances by bacteria or other decomposers |
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| materials that are not broken down by natural processes |
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| Device or process that removes or reduces the level of a pollutant after it has been produced or has entered the environment |
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| Device, process, or strategy used to prevent a potential pollutant from forming or entering the environment or sharply reduces the amount entering the environment |
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| the amount of biologically productive land and water needed to provide the people in a region with an indefinite supply of renewable resources, and to absorb and recycle wastes and pollution |
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| per capita ecological footprint |
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Definition
| the average ecological footprint of an individual in a given country or area |
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| The type of growth in which some quantity increases by a fixed percentage of the whole in a given time period |
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| The wealth that results in high levels of consumption |
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| Condition under which people are unable to meet their basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter |
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| a way of knowing that seeks to understand how the universe works |
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| Information collected for a specific purpose |
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| treatments- experimental group; control- comparison group |
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| Educated guess that attempts to explain a specific a scientific law or certain scientific observations |
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| integrates many independent hypotheses, observations, and experiments; and can be discarded when results no longer support it |
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| The process in which scientists report details of the methods and models they used, the results of their experiments, and the reasoning behind their hypotheses for other scientists working in the same field to examine and evaluate |
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| A description of what scientists find happening repeatedly in the same way without known exception |
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| has mass and takes up space |
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| fundamental type of matter; made of atom |
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| combination of two or more different elements held in fixed proportions |
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| the building blocks of elements |
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| Extremely tiny center of an atom made up of protons and neutrons |
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| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| the approximate mass of an atom |
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| Two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by chemical bonds |
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| the shorthand way to show the number of atoms in the basic structural unit of a compound |
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| pH is based on how much hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-) |
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| based on how much hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-) |
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| measure of how useful a form of matter is for human use |
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| concentrated, near the earth’s surface |
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| not concentrated and located deep in the ground or dispersed in ocean/air |
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| Physical vs. chemical change |
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Definition
| Chemical compounds, molecules, etc. can be arranged to form new spatial patterns (Physical) or new chemical combinations (chemical) |
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| law of conservation of matter |
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| Atoms “In” = atoms “Out.”; matter cannot be created or destroyed |
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| the total kinetic energy of all the randomly moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a given substance |
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| electromagnetic radiation |
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| Forms of kinetic energy traveling as electromagnetic waves |
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| stored and convert to kinetic |
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| principles of sustainability |
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Definition
| Reliance on solar energy, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity |
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| high-quality energy vs. low-quality energy |
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Definition
| High-quality energy has a high capacity to do work, but low-quality energy is dispersed, limited useful work, and wasteful work |
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| the first law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy) |
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Definition
| Energy is neither created nor destroyed but changes in form |
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| the second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| When energy is changing from one form to another form |
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Definition
| the study of interconnections in nature |
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| population genetic diversity |
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Definition
| Variability in the genetic makeup among individuals within a single species |
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Definition
| populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time |
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Definition
| organism populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time |
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| Community of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up its nonliving environment |
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| Zone of the Earth where life is found |
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| Gases in the Earth's lower atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect |
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| Mass of air surrounding the Earth |
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| Earth's liquid water, frozen water, and small amounts of water vapor in the atmosphere. |
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| Consists of the Earth's intensely hot core, a thick mantle composed mostly of rock, and a thin outer crust |
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| Terrestrial regions characterized by certain types of climate and inhabited by certain types of life, especially vegetation |
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| Marine and freshwater portions of the biosphere that can support life |
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| natural greenhouse effect |
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Definition
| heat buildup in the troposphere because of the presence of certain gases |
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| A range of chemical and physical conditions that must be maintained for populations of a particular species to stay alive and grow, develop, and function normally |
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| Single factors that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of the population of a species in an ecosystem |
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| limiting factor principle |
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Definition
| Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population of a species in an ecosystem |
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| all organisms that are the same number of energy transfers away from the source of energy that enters an ecosystem |
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| CO2 + H2O + solar energy → sugars + oxygen |
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| An organism that feeds on all or part of a plant |
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| animals that feed on other animals |
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| organisms that feed only on primary consumers |
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| animals that feed on the flesh of other carnivores at high-trophic levels in food chains and food webs |
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| Animals that can use both plants and other animals as food sources |
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| parts of dead organisms and cast-off fragments and wastes of living organisms |
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| Consumer organisms that feed on detritus |
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| A complex process that occurs in the cells of most living organisms, in which nutrient organic molecules produce carbon, water, and energy |
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| movement of energy and nutrients from one trophic level to the next |
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| the dry weight of all organic matter of a given trophic level in a food chain or food web |
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| energy level; 90% energy loss; less chemical energy at higher levels |
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| Diagram representing the flow of energy through each trophic level in a food chain or food web |
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| The rate at which an ecosystem's producers capture and store a given amount of chemical as biomass in a given length of time |
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| measure of how fast producers can make the chemical energy that is stored in their tissue |
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| Natural processes that recycle nutrients chemical forms from the nonliving environment to living organisms and then back to the nonliving environment. |
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| A cyclic movement of nutrient in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment |
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| Natural renewal of water quality, Water transport |
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| A cyclic movement of carbon in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment |
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Definition
| A cyclic movement of nitrogen in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment |
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Definition
| A cyclic movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment |
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| biological diversity or biological evolution |
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| the crucial part of the Earth's capital |
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Definition
| process by which a particular beneficial gene is reproduced in succeeding generations more than other genes |
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| Mineralized or petrified replica of skeletons, bones, teeth, shells, leaves, and seeds, or impressions of such items found in rocks |
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| Random changes in the structure or number of DNA molecules in a cell's genes that an offspring can inherit and can yield changes in anatomy, physiology, or behavior in offspring |
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| Any genetically controlled structural, physiological, or behavioral characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions |
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| differential reproduction |
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| Phenomenon in which individuals with adaptive genetic traits produce more living offspring than do individuals without such traits |
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| Physical properties of the troposphere of an area based on analysis of its weather records over a long period |
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| Formation of two species from one species as a result of divergent natural selection in response to changes in environmental conditions |
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| physical separation of different groups of the same species for fairly long times into different states |
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| Mutation and change by natural selection operating independently in the gene pools of populations of a particular sexually reproducing species experiencing long-term geographic separation. |
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| Complete disappearance of a species from the Earth |
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| Species found in only one area |
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| Process in which one or more desirable genetic traits in the population of a plant or animal are selected. |
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| Insertion of an alien gene into an organism to give it a beneficial genetic trait |
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| background extinction rate |
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Definition
| The estimated rate of extinction that existed before human populations expanded exponentially across the globe |
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| Catastrophic, widespread, often global event in which major groups of species are wiped out over a short time compared with normal extinctions |
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| terrestrial parts of the Earth |
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| A biome in which evaporation exceeds precipitation and the average amount of precipitation is less than 25 centimeters year |
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| A biome found in interior continental regions where the moderate annual average precipitation is enough to support the growth of grass and small plants but not enough to support large stands of trees |
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| Biome with enough average annual precipitation to support the growth of various tree species and smaller forms of vegetation |
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| Marine and freshwater portions of the biosphere that can support life |
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| Nutrient-rich, shallow part of the ocean that extends from the high-tide mark on land to the edge of a shelf-like extension of continental land masses |
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| Partially enclosed coastal area at the mouth of a river where its freshwater, carrying fertile silt and runoff from the lad, mixes with salty water |
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| Land along a coastline, extending inland from an estuary that is covered with salt water all or part of the year |
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| A part of an ocean that is beyond the continental shelf |
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| Large natural bodies of standing freshwater formed when water from precipitation, land runoff or groundwater fills a depression in the Earth |
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| Lake with a low supply of plant nutrients |
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| A lake with a large or excessive supply of plant nutrients, mostly nitrates and phosphates |
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| Lake containing excessive nutrients |
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| mesotrophic surface water |
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| Lake with a moderate supply of plant nutrients |
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| Freshwater from precipitation and melting ice that flows on the Earth's surface into nearby streams, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs. |
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| flowing bodies of surface water |
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| Species’ way of life in a community: everything that affects survival and reproduction, e.g., sunlight, water, space, food, predators, and temperature |
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| A place or type of place where an organism or population of organisms lives |
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| Broad niches: wide range of tolerance |
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| Narrow niches: a narrow range of tolerance |
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| found in its natural range |
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| Species that migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans |
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| ecosystem condition; Provide early warning of damage to an environment |
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| interspecific competition |
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| The members of two or more species trying to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem |
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| process of dividing up resources in an ecosystem, so species with similar needs use the same scarce resources at different times, in different ways, or different places |
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| A situation in which an organism of one species captures and feeds on parts or all of an organism of another species |
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Definition
| An organism that is captured and serves as a source of food for an organism of another species |
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| predator-prey relationship |
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Definition
| The interaction between two organisms of different species in which one plant captures and feeds on parts or all of another organism |
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| A small organism that feeds on the host |
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| interactions where both species benefit |
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| benefits fall to one species but no measurable cost to other species |
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| Directional shift in the species in a community caused by interactions among species |
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| primary ecological succession |
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Definition
| The sequential development of communities in a barren area that is not occupied by any community of organisms |
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| secondary ecological succession |
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Definition
| Sequential development of communities in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed, but the soil is not destroyed |
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| unlimited resources; max growth |
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| intrinsic rate of increase |
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Definition
| A rate at which a population could grow if it had unlimited resources |
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| A single factor that limits the growth, abundance, or distribution of the population of a species in an ecosystem |
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| factors limiting population growth |
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| maximum population and a given habitat can sustain |
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| A population dieback occurring when a population uses up the given resource supplies of its environment and exceeds the environment's carrying capacity |
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| An increase or decrease in the size of a population |
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| # of live births/1000 people per year |
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| # of deaths/1000 people per year |
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| The average number of children born to a woman in a population during her lifetime |
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| replacement-level fertility rate |
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Definition
| rate is higher in less developed |
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| the average number of children born to women in a population |
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| The average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live |
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| The number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday |
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| The movement of people in and out of specific geographical areas |
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| The percentage of people at each level in a population |
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| The hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declined in death rates followed by declines in birth rates |
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| Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have |
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| Species disappears from the earth |
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| Very few individuals; Populations declining; and Pop with known threats |
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| Vulnerable species; Pop. can survive; Pop. declining; could soon be endangered |
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| A value assigned to components based on their usefulness to humans |
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| The value assigned to components of nature-based solely on their existence, regardless of their usefulness to humans |
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| The value assigned to components of nature-based solely on their existence, regardless of their usefulness to humans |
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| Habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation; invasive species non-indigenous; population growth/resource outcome; pollution; climate change; overexploitation |
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| uncut or regenerated forests |
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| Results from secondary ecological succession |
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Definition
| site planted with one or only a few tree species in an even-aged stand |
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| site planted with one or only a few tree species in an even-aged stand |
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| site planted with one or only a few tree species in an even-aged stand |
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| The removal of all or most trees from a forested area |
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| area where the Earth and its community of life-forms have not been seriously disturbed by humans and where humans are only temporary visitors |
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| The areas especially rich in plant species that are not found anywhere else in the world and are in great danger of extinction |
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| The process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and dynamics of natural ecosystems |
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| Science of inventing, establishing, and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work, or play |
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| The process by which ocean waters become more acidic largely as a result of their absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere |
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| depletion or degradation of a potentially renewable resource to which people have free and unmanaged access |
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| land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances |
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| Land away from the coast that is covered all or part of the time with fresh water |
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| land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances |
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