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| any material that has mass and occupies space. |
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| the basic of matter; the smallest unit that maintains the chemical properties of an element. |
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| a chemical substance with a unique set of properties that cannot be broken down into substances with other properties. |
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| the central core of an atom; consists of protons and neutrons. |
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| a combination of two or more atoms. |
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| a substance combining atoms of two or more different elements. |
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| an organic compound combining hydrogen and carbon. |
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| a mixture in which all the ingredients are evenly distributed. |
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| a large organic molecule; includes proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. |
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| an organic compound made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. |
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| the macromolecules that carries hereditary information; includes DNA and RNA |
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| an organic compound that consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
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| chemically diverse compound that does not dissolve in water. |
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| a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. |
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| a circular process that describes how an event is both a cause and an effect in the same system; can be a positive feedback loop or a negative feedback loop. |
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| the removal of soil by water, wind, ice, or gravity. |
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| all of the rock at and below Earth's surface. |
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| sphere of Earth made up of the hard rock on and just below Earth's surface; the outermost layer of both Earth and its geosphere. |
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| the Earth and all of its organisms and environments. |
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| the thin layer of gases that surrounds Earth. |
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| all of the water- salt water and fresh water, in the form of liquid, ice, or vapor- above and below Earth's surface and in the atmosphere. |
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| the thin layer of rock that forms Earth's outer surface on land and in the ocean. |
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| the layer of very hot but mostly solid rock beneath Earth's crust. |
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| the layer of Earth below the mantle. |
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| one of the rigid layers of the lithosphere. |
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| a mountain, island, or continent formed by the collisions and separations of tectonic plates. |
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| the movement and accumulation of eroded soil. |
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| a change in state from a liquid to a gas. |
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| the release of water vapor by plants through their leaves. |
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| the return of water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail, 81; the process of separating a solid substance(precipitate) from a solution. |
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| a change in state from a vapor to a liquid. |
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| a spongelike formation of rock, sand, or gravel that holds water. |
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| fresh water found below Earth's surface. |
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| law of conservation of matter |
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| the principle that states that matter can change form but cannot be created or destroyed |
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| matter that organisms need to carry out their life processes. |
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| the circulation of nutrients through the atmosphere; also called nutrient cycle. |
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| an organism that can capture energy from the sun or from chemicals and store it; also called autotroph. |
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| the process by which primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars, releasing oxygen. |
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| an organism that relies on other organisms for energy and nutrients; also called heterotroph. |
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| an organism that breaks down nonliving matter into simple parts that can then be taken up and reused by primary producers |
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| the process by which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars, producing carbon dioxide and water. |
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| the introduction of phosphorus into a body of water that leads to an overgrowth of algae and other producers. |
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| the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia. |
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