-red, raised rash 

-sensations of prickling and tingling during sweating

-occurs when skin is continuously with unevaporated sweat

-continually toweling can help prevent

-rapid phisical fatigue during over exposure to heat

-standing in heat for long or not accustomed to exercising in heat

-peripheral vasodilation of superficial vessels, hypotension, pooling of blood in extremeties

-DIZZINESS, FAINTIN, NAUSEA 

-extremely painful muscle spasms

-common in calf and abdomen

-excess loss of water and electrolytes or ions (sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium, calcium) essential in muscle contraction

-common athletes who are in good condition but not used to heat

Prevention

-replacement of electrolytes

-salt tablets

Treatment

-replace electrolytes

-slight stretch with ice massage

-athlete dehydrated to point that they are unable to sustain adequate cardiac output

-cannot continue intense exercise

RECTAL TEMP LESS THAN 104 and NO CNS DYSFUNCTION

Symptoms:

-pale skin, profuse sweating, stomach cramps with nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, headache, persistent muscle cramps, diziness with loss of coordination

-immediately removed from play and taken to shade/air-conditioning

-excess clothing/ equipment taked off

-lie down with legs elevated

-cooling efforts til temp is to 101 degrees

-rehydation as long as athlete is not vomiting or nauseas 

-if cant take orally- IV should be given

-monitor heart rate, blood pressure, and core temp

-REFER TO ER IF RAPID IMPROVEMENT DOES NOT OCCUR

-RTP: rehydrated and cleared by physician

-Serious Emergency

-CNS abnormalities and potential tissue damage from sig elevated body temp

-can occur suddenly without warning

Symptoms: 

-sudden collapse with CNS dysfunction

-altered consciousness, seizures, confusion, emotional instability, irrational behavio, decreased mental acuity

RECTAL TEMP IS AT 104 OR HIGHER

-flushed, hot skin with sweating 

-shallow fast breathing, rapid strong pulse, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhia, headache, diziness, weakness, decreased blood pressure, dehydration

-body loses ability to dissipate heat through sweating

-reduce body temp ASAP

-Get athlete to cool environment

-strip off all clothing

-Cold bath (35-58°)

-if not possible sponge down with cool water and fan with towel 

-lower rectal temp to 101°

-CALL 911

RTP: avoid exercise for min of 1 week and gradually return to full practice after being completely asymptomatic and cleared by physician

-sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle accompaniedby leakage of myoglobin (muscle protein) and muscle enzymes into the vascular system

-can result in either gradual onset of muscle weakness, swelling, and pain 

-darkened urine and renal dysfunction

-SEVERE CASES: sudden collapse, renal failure, death

-associated with individuals with sickle-cell trait

REFER IF SUSPECTED

-fluid/electrolyte disorder

-results in abnormally low concentration of sodium in blood

- ingesting too much fluid before, during, and after exercise

-sodium levels decreased

prevention:

- fluid intake during exercise does not exceed fluid loss and sodium intake adequate

Signs and Symptoms:

-progressively worsening headache

-nausea and vomiting

- swelling of hands and feet

-lethargy, apathy, pr agitation

-low blood sodium (<130 mmol/L)

-can comprimise CNS and lifethreatening

Treatment:

-rehydrating delayed and transported to ER

RTP: cleared by physician

Frost Nip

-ears, nose, cheeks, chin, fingers, and toes

-high wind, severe cold, or both

Signs and Symptoms:

firm skin, with cold, painless, areas that may peel or blister later

firm, sustained pressure of hand without rubbing

-blowing hot breath on spot

-placing fingers in armpits

-prolonged and constant exposure to cold for many hours

Signs and Symptoms:

-skin redness, swelling, tingling, and pain in toes and fingers

-skin and subcutaneous tissue

-skin pale, hard, cold, and waxy

- when rewarming it will feel numb, then sting and burn then blister

-immediate hospitalization

-hard, pale, or white, numb

Treatment:

-RAPID REWARMING

-hott drink, heating pads, hot water bottles between 100-110°

-during rewarming tissue will become blotchy red, swollen, extremely painful

-may result in loss of tissue

-7,000-8,000 (mod)

-headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, dyspnea

-3 days

-9000-10,000 ft

-lungs will accumulate a small amount of fluid within alveolar walls 

-some individuals fluid continues to collect and forms pulm edema

S and S:

Dyspnea

cough

headache

weakness

unconsciousness in some cases

Treatment:

lower athlete to lower altitude

-when abnormal hemoglobin molecules become deoxygenated as a result of exercise in high alt, cells tend to clump together

-causes abnormal sickle shape to RBC and destroyed easily

- cause enlarged spleen (can rupture)