Term
| populations do these two things inevitably |
|
Definition
1. impact population they interact with
2. alter the abiotic factors around them |
|
|
Term
| for most species eco-foot print is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| human population reached 1 million |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 options for future of human population |
|
Definition
1. continues to grow exponentially then crashes
2. human population levels off
3. human growth rate slows down |
|
|
Term
| human population metabolic energy |
|
Definition
| food; demanding more food; as wealth increases food demand increases |
|
|
Term
| human population non-metabolic energy |
|
Definition
| manufacturing energy; increase in technology equals an increase in energy consumption |
|
|
Term
| human population effect on 2nd hallmark |
|
Definition
| rise in population and rise in wealth equals rise in waste |
|
|
Term
| human population effect on 3rd hallmark |
|
Definition
| humans control herbivores/how our population is controlled |
|
|
Term
| human population effect on 4/5th hallmark |
|
Definition
| populations have simplified things and decreased biodiversity/ecosystem's resilience |
|
|
Term
| 2 things to consider when thinking about how we can't maintain exponential population growth |
|
Definition
1. human ingenuity
2. healthy stewardship ethics |
|
|
Term
| human population growth equation |
|
Definition
I humans= (Khu * Phu)*A*T
-------------------------
EK*SE |
|
|
Term
| description of human pop equation |
|
Definition
influence= (envir. impact*population)*Affluence*Technology
---------------------------------------
Environ. knowledge*Stewardship ethic |
|
|
Term
| 3 predictions for human pop. growth by 2200 |
|
Definition
1. 14 billion by 2200
2. drop to 2 billion by 2200
3. plateau at 10 billion (most accepted) |
|
|
Term
| why disparity in growth rates in the world? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| demographic transition phase I |
|
Definition
| primitive stability; rising birthrate rising deathrate; slow growth |
|
|
Term
| demographic transition phase II |
|
Definition
| epidemiologic; falling death rate; rapid growth |
|
|
Term
| demographic transition phase III |
|
Definition
| fertility; falling birthrate; rapid growth |
|
|
Term
| demographic transition phase IV |
|
Definition
| modern stability; low birth/death rates; slow growth |
|
|
Term
| much larger _____ after D.T. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as populations increase there are |
|
Definition
| less resources per person |
|
|
Term
| environment resources equation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Environment Resources equation and humans |
|
Definition
| doesn't apply; we modify our environment to capture more resources |
|
|
Term
| after progressing through DT resources are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| characteriistics of phase IV in D.T. |
|
Definition
highest standard of living
longest lives
healthiest employment
lowest total fertility rates
lowest misery |
|
|
Term
| demographic transition is |
|
Definition
| automatic unintended consequence of industrialization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| US UK Netherlands Japan Sweden Germany |
|
|
Term
| reasons countries stay in phase I for >40 years |
|
Definition
rapid population growth
shrinking economies
high unemployment
high poverty
short life expectancy |
|
|
Term
| traditional model to push to get countries to IV |
|
Definition
economic development will push them through
increase in money and development = phase IV |
|
|
Term
| how is traditional model to get countries to phase IV put into action |
|
Definition
world bank loans to developing countries for industry
projects: factories, electrification, industrial agriculture |
|
|
Term
| how did traditional models for the push to Phase IV work out? |
|
Definition
| failed; debt increased faster than economy grew |
|
|
Term
| consequences of rapid population growth on humans |
|
Definition
shrinking potential per capita resource base
societal pressure to contribute to political instability (??)
poverty |
|
|
Term
| consequences of rapid population growth on the environment |
|
Definition
increasing demands on the limited natural resources and ecosystem services
increase pressure on natural ecosystems
environmental degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argues that rapid population growth undermines economic growht |
|
|
Term
| developed nations skipped poverty population trap, how? |
|
Definition
| the epidemiologic transition was slow |
|
|
Term
| alternative method for addressing how to push phase ! countries to phase IV? |
|
Definition
| focus on family size; lower family size= progress to Phase IV |
|
|
Term
| 4 methods for the alternative model (push to phase IV) |
|
Definition
reduce infant mortality
old age security
education system
contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| where does money go in the alternative model? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to reduce infant mortality |
|
Definition
aid health care system
reduce # of replacement kids |
|
|
Term
| how to provide old-security |
|
Definition
reduce family care givers
social security system
must have political stability |
|
|
Term
| how to provide education system |
|
Definition
mandatory elementary education
improved literacy
delayed economic productivity for family |
|
|
Term
| rise in literacy rate correlates to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what about contraceptives |
|
Definition
contraceptives have strongest correlation
increase contraceptive use= reduced fertility rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poverty-->environmental degradation---->high fertility--->repeat |
|
|
Term
| % of earth covered in water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of earth's water that's fresh |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| % of fresh water available |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 main processes of the hydrologic cycle |
|
Definition
evaporation
condensation
precipitation
gravitational flow |
|
|
Term
| 3 loops of hydrologic cycle |
|
Definition
evapo-transpiration
surface run-off
ground water |
|
|
Term
| 2 functions of hydrolic cycle |
|
Definition
replenishes water supplies
removes impurities |
|
|
Term
| fresh water supplies are under pressure from |
|
Definition
| pollution and consumption |
|
|
Term
| 3 benefits of good water management |
|
Definition
1. decrease water bourne illness
2. development of undesirable land
3. industrial and domestic applications |
|
|
Term
| modern irrigation/agriculture cause ___% growth of world's food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| effect of industrialization |
|
Definition
| shift away from agriculture towards industry |
|
|
Term
| agriculture accounts for __% of grain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agriculture accounts for __% of meat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| agriculture accounts for __% of dairy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| americans eat ___ times as much beef |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| everything is related to everything |
|
|
Term
| a large amount of environmental problems are due to |
|
Definition
| the direct/indirect impact on the water cycle |
|
|
Term
| 4 environmental issues for water cycle that are caused by humans |
|
Definition
1. changes to the surface of the earth
2. withdrawal of water supplies
3. atmospheric pollution
4. climate change |
|
|
Term
| changes to earth's surface |
|
Definition
| removal of vegetation which leads to increase run off |
|
|
Term
| changes to earth surface leads to |
|
Definition
less filtration through groundwater
flooding
less evaporation
less ground water recharge |
|
|
Term
| water withdrawal % freshwater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water withdrawal % ground freshwater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water withdrawal % surface saline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| water withdrawal % ground saline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __% of water is used for consumption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ gallons of consumptive use in US per day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this accounts for 81% use of freshwater in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this accounts for 81% use of freshwater in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nonconsumptive water use is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non consumptive water use includes |
|
Definition
domestic use
power production
industry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
air-bourne particles become nuclei water condenses around them
increased aerosols leads to increased cloud cover cooling potentially reducing evaporation and precipitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
air-bourne particles become nuclei water condenses around them
increased aerosols leads to increased cloud cover cooling potentially reducing evaporation and precipitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
changes water cycle
rise in greenhouse gases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more readily available
66% of domestic use |
|
|
Term
| salt water usually provides a |
|
Definition
| minority of demand except in arid and industrialized nations |
|
|
Term
| recharge rate of ground water |
|
Definition
| is slower than surface water |
|
|
Term
| why do rainforests soil suck |
|
Definition
| ecosystems increase til resources are in shortage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of interbreeding individuals in an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are capable of growing when given an opportunity |
|
|
Term
| environmental resistance factors |
|
Definition
factors that cut back populations and keep them from growing
natural enemies
adverse weather |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
equillibrium
maximum population an environment can support |
|
|
Term
| if too many herbivores plants are eaten faster than they can grow which leads to |
|
Definition
| over grazing and degradation |
|
|
Term
| 3rd hallmark of sustainability |
|
Definition
| for sustainability, the size of the herbivore population is controlled so that overgrazing doesn't occur |
|
|
Term
| multiple species at each trophic level |
|
Definition
| maximizes energy flow and nutrient recycling |
|
|
Term
| with multiple prey populations |
|
Definition
| predators can switch to the most common prey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prey populations always experience predation pressure |
|
|
Term
| competition ___ growth rates of all competitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| competition ___ growth rates of all competitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ecosystem disturbances cause |
|
Definition
redistribution of nutrients
organisms to be removed |
|
|
Term
| types of mechanical disturbances |
|
Definition
mowing grass
tree falling
fires
floods
windsotrms
droughts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exotic speicies become pests (rabbits in austrailia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3rd largest state park system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
human overpopulation
invasive speicies |
|
|
Term
| examples of invasive species |
|
Definition
zebra mussels
gypsy moth
purple loosestrife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for sustainability ecosystems depend on biodiversity |
|
|
