Term
| Arctic Environments require adaptations to |
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Definition
| Cold, Snow and Ice, and Prolonged light and darkness |
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Term
| Religions in the arctic tend to be |
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Definition
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Term
| Behavioral adaptations to Arctic environments |
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Definition
| Religion and Regime Changes |
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Term
| Animistic religious taboos are used to |
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Definition
| regulate land use and distribution |
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Term
| Weather changes in Animistic religions are considered to be |
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Definition
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Term
| Shamans are related to the regulation of |
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Definition
| weather, illness, luck and wild game |
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Term
| Ritual ceremonies in Arctic environments |
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Definition
| feast, food distribution, potlatch |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Responses to low productivity in arctic environments |
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Definition
| flexible social org, coastal and taiga resources, external group interactions |
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Term
| Alliance and kinship in Arctic environments |
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Definition
| bilateral kinship - maximizes relatives and network of sharing |
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Term
| Responses to scattered resources in Arctic |
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Definition
| aggregations - winter seal hunting, smaller groups - summer fishing |
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Term
| Arctic demographic controls |
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Definition
infanticide
- females based on cultural preferences
- male death rate |
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Term
| Other arctic demographic controls besides infanticide |
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Definition
suicide, infanticide, geronticide
- voluntary or based on resource availability
linked to aid, cooperation, redistribution |
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Term
|
Definition
seals, walrus, caribou, fish
- > protein
- > fat
- < carbs
- vitamin c from raw meat
- > phosphorus, < Ca = bone loss |
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Term
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Definition
| more carbs, more anemia, more obesity, more diabetes, more dental problems |
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Term
| Climate changes in arctic have lead to |
|
Definition
| melting, more bioproductivity |
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Term
| Technological adjustments in arctic |
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Definition
- snowmobiles and GPS
- communication, internet, phones
- oil and mineral exploitation |
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Term
| Changes in arctic interaction |
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Definition
whaling contracts
more money - wages - jobs |
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Term
| Traditional and Western values changes in the arctic have led to |
|
Definition
| more outsiders, reduced respect, and more self-determination |
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Term
|
Definition
| wool, layers, open sandles |
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Term
| work activities in mountain climates |
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Definition
| sun scheduling, outside work, mining, agriculture |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| housing, clothing, scheduling |
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Term
| Aridity and Low productivity in Mountains leads to |
|
Definition
| subsistence, animals, exchange, agriculture |
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Term
| Subsistence in Mountainous regions |
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Definition
| agropastoral economy, different biozone utilization based on elevation, seasonal migration, trade and exchange |
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Term
|
Definition
high - alpaca, llama
low - sheep
lowest - cow, horses |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Interzonal, coca prevalence, grow low, necessary for social transactions and friendship ties |
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Term
|
Definition
| Quino and Tubers (potatoes) |
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Term
| 4 stages in mountainous environments |
|
Definition
| planting/shearing - growing - harvesting - slaughter |
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Term
| indicators of change in mountains |
|
Definition
| glacial advance and retreat, medieval warm anomaly, little ice ages, pollen trees, and lakes, and ice core samples |
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Term
| Human impacts in mountains - links to activity and land use |
|
Definition
| roads = intensification, denser population -> resources |
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Term
| Human impacts on mountain environments |
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Definition
Agr: deforestation, terracing
Herd: overgrazing, erosion
Forest: slope failure, landslides
Dams: flows and sediments
tourism: infrastructure |
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Term
| Arid environments have no ________ adaptations |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Groundwater is associated with which cultures |
|
Definition
| North Africa and middle east |
|
|
Term
| surface water is associated with which arid cultures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| South Africa - Kalahari example - plants |
|
Definition
| mongongo nuts, baobab fruit, beans |
|
|
Term
| kalahari animals and techniques |
|
Definition
arrows, hunting dogs, snares, probing burrows, communal hunting
- animals high in protein - low in fat and carbs |
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|
Term
| Consequences of human activity from the !kung |
|
Definition
| resource depletion, flexible social structure, farming and sedentism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| seasonal dispersal and concentration for less pressure on resources |
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Term
| Farming and sedentism in the !kung causes |
|
Definition
| > population growth and > malnutrition |
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|
Term
| Irrigation in the Nile Valley/Sahara, and Negev |
|
Definition
Water distribution
- diversion from rivers, wittfogels hydraulic theory - origin, dams canals |
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|
Term
| Water access in Nile, Sahara, Negev |
|
Definition
Small Scale for efficiency
Conflict over rights / centralization
Irrigation failure - waterlogging, salinization, alkalization |
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Term
| Investments in Irrigation in Arid ecosys |
|
Definition
| Time, labor, captial, social org, maintenance |
|
|
Term
| Late paleolithic groups connected to the Nile |
|
Definition
H-Gs: Wadi Kubbaniya - broad spectrum seasonality
Evidence of violence in the Sahaba |
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Term
| Major rivers in neolithic time |
|
Definition
Domestication of animals and plants
Natural irrigation - seasonal flooding, no drainage, low population size |
|
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Term
| Majors rivers in Pre-Dynastic time |
|
Definition
3,100 BC
ditch drainage, earthen dams, levered buckets, and 2-3 harvests per year |
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Term
| Major Rivers in Dynastic time |
|
Definition
2700-332 BC
floods <-> droughts
crops of wheat, barley, beans, flax, lentils, onions, palms, sugar cane, cotton, sorgum
local controls of water |
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Term
| Major rivers in Roman time |
|
Definition
| population peaks at AD 100 |
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Term
| Major Rivers in Modern time q |
|
Definition
AD 1902 Aswan Dam
Perpetual and centralized irrigation
AD 1970 Aswan High Dam USSR
no floods,imported fertilizer, erosion > pop. density |
|
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Term
| No majors Rivers: Runoff for Agriculture (Negev and Jordan Valley) |
|
Definition
Flash floods
Techniques
- terraced wadis
- farmstead fields
- floodplain terraces
drop irrigation |
|
|
Term
| problems with of not having a river for agriculture in Negev and Jordan Valley |
|
Definition
| silting and high maintenance/labor |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics assocaited with drop irrigation in Arid |
|
Definition
< evaporation
< salinization
solar power
huge investments in greenhouse experiments |
|
|
Term
| Changes in Arid adaptation due to urban development |
|
Definition
Diversion - water are father distances
Desertification - ecological consequence
Recycling and use of grey water |
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|
Term
| Changes in land use in Arid |
|
Definition
Resource use - grazing and mining
recreation
restoration |
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Term
| Case study of Western N. America |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Grassland climate and vegetation |
|
Definition
wet<-> droughts
Variability
shifts at different time scales
seasonality of rainfall |
|
|
Term
| Savanna characteristics of climate and vegetation |
|
Definition
Gradational between deserts and forests
Fire managed - vegetation adapted
Links to animals and human origins |
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|
Term
| Mollisol characteristics - temp grassland |
|
Definition
| good for agric, loss of phosphorus |
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Term
| Formation and development of soils in temp. grasslands comes form |
|
Definition
| Clime + burning + grazing |
|
|
Term
| What types of herds graze in temp. grasslands? |
|
Definition
Herbivores and Ungulate -
Perisodactyls - horses, rhino
Artiodactyls - camels, hippos, cattle, sheep, gapts, deer |
|
|
Term
| Impact of grazing herds on temp. grasslands |
|
Definition
| grass defoliation, nutrient redistribution, trmapling |
|
|
Term
| Components of temperate grasses |
|
Definition
Sod - mat
Bunch - clumps
mulch and litter |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of Fire management in temperate grasses |
|
Definition
| releases nutrients, encourages growth, suppresses insects |
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Term
| Herd management in East African subsistence |
|
Definition
milk and blood diet
status and wife acquisition based on herds
old age insurance |
|
|
Term
| Herd management in the North American plains |
|
Definition
maximize milk and meat
minimize labor |
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Term
| Access to water and pasture in East Africa |
|
Definition
Decision making constrained by environment
Rights to wells - privately owned wells
Karamojong - family size and distance to cattle forage
Links to farming - labor for cult. close to heards |
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|
Term
| Subsistence of the Turkana people in grasslands |
|
Definition
| totally dependent on herding, no farming, no stable residences due to poor grasses |
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Term
|
Definition
| mix farming and transhumant herding due to better grasses |
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|
Term
| Subsistence characteristics of the Neuer |
|
Definition
Studied by Evans Pritchard in 1940
cattle herding
fusion and fission |
|
|
Term
| the Maasai expanded their subsistence from farming to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Herd size in east africa is based upon.. |
|
Definition
| efficiency - 300 = too many for labo and water |
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Term
| Human population size is linked to what in grasslands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A change in farming in grasslands would do what to population size? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disease is linked to sedentism how? |
|
Definition
| results in poorer health, respiratory, infections, colds |
|
|
Term
| What are different purpose that animals are used in grasslands? |
|
Definition
| meat, milk, blood, transport |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are linked to browsing - grazing/drought - droughts? |
|
Definition
| goats and donkeys - sheep - drought |
|
|
Term
| The Rendille, Samburu, and Ariaal are linked to what environmental animals? |
|
Definition
| Camel herds for dry lowlands - cattle in humid highlands - transitional |
|
|
Term
| What is the division of labor in herding and cultivating? |
|
Definition
| women cultivate and men herd |
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Term
| Grains carry what relational characteristics in grasslands to herding and cultivators |
|
Definition
| internal usage, trade, raiding, and labor |
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|
Term
| Herding and cultivating creates what interactions between tribal subgroups and intergroups? |
|
Definition
| trade, alliance, and kinship |
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|
Term
| Hunter gatherers of the N. American plains has what adaptations? |
|
Definition
| bison focus, "dog days" - paleoindians and plains archaic 5,600 BC - 500 AD, "horse days" - protohistoric and historic |
|
|
Term
| Traits of Great plains villages between 500BC and 1000AD |
|
Definition
| first use of bow and arrow, maize and bean cultivation AD 300, pottery AD 500, burial mounds (hopewell), bison adaptations |
|
|
Term
| Plains villages AD 1000-1500 |
|
Definition
| expansion or rockies, drought cycles (900 AD warmer and wetter - 1250 AD drier and colder), permanent settlements, bison hoes, pottery |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Hidatsa, Mandan, Arikara, Pawnee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
knife and missouri rivers
AD 1600-1845
fortified settlements
lewis and clark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1500s - spanish intro
1650 - apache
1700 - caddoan commache ute
1730 - shoshone
1740 - blackfeet |
|
|
Term
| Changing adaptations of great plains |
|
Definition
farmer -> bison hunt
changes in social structure based on horse ownership
increasingly sedentary
bison nearly extinct |
|
|
Term
| Euro american farming and ranching |
|
Definition
humid zone farming, subsidies for external support, John Wesley Powell,
overgrazing
drought
cattle replace bison |
|
|
Term
| Soil conservation in plains |
|
Definition
several later droughts
no substantial erosion
new land-use practices |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of cattle ranching in the great plains |
|
Definition
larger land holdings -drill wells, wind mills, steel plow
seasonal rancing, pastures as resources
mixed adaptations - hutterites, amish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
split large pop.
avoiding stress
expansion and migration |
|
|
Term
| Intensification in New Guinea |
|
Definition
extensive -> intensive (spread out to concentrated areas)
fallows decrease, productivity decreases, total production increase |
|
|
Term
| Intensification in Philippines |
|
Definition
| population increase, fallows decrease => gardening |
|
|
Term
| Intensification in African rainforest |
|
Definition
| population increase, intensification increase |
|
|
Term
| Adaptability to humid heat is mostly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Behavioral adaptations to humid heat |
|
Definition
Settlements - near water
Structures - open to cool, closed to conserve
Clothing - minimal, more surface sweat evap
activities - bathes, schedules avoid overheating |
|
|
Term
| intensification of agriculture in rainforests leads to |
|
Definition
| deforestation and logging |
|
|
Term
| Impact of deforestation in rainforests on animals |
|
Definition
| habitat destruction, overhunting, extinction |
|
|
Term
| In most mammals, stable breeding bones like exemplify male reproductive strategies of.... |
|
Definition
|
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