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vapor in air (actual) / vapor at saturation (possible)
x100= RH% |
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| The distance east or west of Greenwich, England |
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| January 4, closest point to the sun |
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| July 4, furthest point from the sun |
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| Line seperating illuminated half from dark half of globe |
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| December 21, 24 hours of sunlight south of antarctic circle and 24 hours of darkness north of arctic circle |
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| March 21, 12 hour day/12 hour night everywhere |
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| June 21, 24 hours of sun north of arctic circle, 24 hours darkness south of equator |
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| September 23, 12 hours sun and dark everywhere |
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| amount of energy captured by earth |
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| electromagnetic radiation, from fusion |
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Short waves=high energy
long wave=low energy |
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| 4th layer of atmosphere, starts 80km above surface, temp increases with alititude |
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| 3rd layer of atmosphere, starts 50 km above surface, temp decreases with altitude |
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| 2nd layer of atmosphere, starts 20 km above surface, temp increases with altitude |
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| 1st layer in the atmosphere, starts at surface, temp decreases with altitude |
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| main gas in the atmosphere, 78% |
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| 2nd main gas in atmosphere, 20% |
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| radiation bounces off, no change in wavelength, no heating |
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| the reflectivity of a surface (0=low, 1=high) |
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| radiation changes direction, no change in wavelength or heating |
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| raditation passing through unaltered |
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| assimilation of energy, conversion into other form (radiation into thermal or radiation into chemical) |
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| type of heat transfer, electromagnetic, (glass transmits visible well, transmits IR poorly) |
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| type of heat transfer, adjacent molecules heat eachother, rate depends on temp dif |
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| water molecules absorb heat when changing from liquid to gas |
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| Seasons and Climate variability |
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| wind patterns, day and night, ocean currents |
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| variation in day lenth, tropical and arctic boundaries |
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| increase conduction by moving warm gas or liquid away from source, increase evaporation by moving moist air away from source |
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| shortwave radiaiton from sun passes through atmosphere, longwave radiation from earth is absorbed by greenhouse gasses in atmosphere and keeps surface warmer (easier for radiation to get in then out) |
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| more radiation coming in then going out |
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| more radiation escaping then coming in |
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| Water heating and cooling |
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| heats and cools slower then land |
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| one organism--generalize to include entire species-how do they make a living? where do they live? |
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| groups of individuals of the same species-where are they? how many are there? how many will there be later? how many were there before? |
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| interrelated plant populations--what plants are there? how do they interact? |
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| -larger scale communities and including abiotic environmental factors such as nutrients and energy “self sustaining association of living plants and animals and their physical environment |
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CO2 + H2O -----> Carbohydrates
(light) |
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| -inherited trait allows organism to live in an environment |
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| -recognizes that adaptation operates at population level |
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| -at level of individual, developmental rather than genetic |
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| Plants do best at certain temperatures--varies with species, acclimation, adaptation |
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| Chapparal Shrubs can dehydrate with minimal metabolic inhibition |
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close stomata--reduce ET
CAM-allows plants to take in CO2 at night and store it until daylight
Biomass Allocation-more biomass underground to protect it from heat
Rapid Life Cycle-germinate, grow, flower, seed before conditions deteriorate |
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dormancy-annual plants, leaf deciduousness
orientation-face toward or away from sun
change in reflective properties-growing tiny hairs to increase reflectance in heat
heat generation-skunk cabbage |
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| change in genetic characteristics of population over time |
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-more offspring produced than can survive (competition for survival among many offspring)
-heritable variation members of poulation vary-variation can be passed to next generation
-adaptive traits some variation are more adaptive than others (improves chances of surviving and reproducing under prevailing env conds)
-differential reproduction
-natural selection is the result of differential reproduction |
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| -when two different populations evolve in different directions such that they can no longer interbreed |
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Random-not dependent on location of other individuals
Uniform-competition
Clumped-resource concentration, proximity to parents |
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| -number of individuals/unit area |
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Type I-slow and steady (trees)
Type II-average (perennials)
Type III-live fast, die young (desert annuals) |
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| -how many births at a given age--related to survivorship curve |
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| -how many of each age in a population-can tell pretty well with trees via dendrochronology |
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the same fraction of the population is born each year
as population increases, births increase as well
starts slowly and increases rapidly, approaches infinity eventually
births exceed deaths
r = births/capita - deaths/capita
can’t go on forever--the population would run out of room |
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starts out like geometric growth
begins to slow down and eventually approaches a limit
limit=Carrying Capacity=maximum stable population for a given population
either birth rate slows down or death rate increases until they are equal
density dependent birth and death rates |
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xponential growth until a key resource is totally depleted, then massive dieoff
can lead to extinction if area of population is small enough |
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initial oscillation that approaches K over time
delay between population increase and effect of population dependent factors |
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sustained oscillation
a delay between population increase and density dependent factors which limit population
ex: predator-prey relationships |
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competition-limits resource availability
stress response-reducing birth rates, increasing death rates
predation-increases with density
parasites-consume but don’t necessarily kill-can reduce birth rates and increase death rates |
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can vary (it takes energy to reproduce)
nutrients provided for young + time for their care |
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| timing and amount of reproduction |
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type III reproduces early
type I reproduces later
high mortality->high reproduction
low mortality->low reproduction |
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| stressful and variable climates have higher reproductive output |
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| organismic=holistic (closed communities) |
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-strong species associations and interactions
-community composition changes abruptly
-biotic interrelationships determine composition |
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| individualistic (open communities) |
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-community composition changes gradually as environmental conditions change
-environmental conditions determine vegetation composition |
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air deflected to the right in the n. hemisphere
air deflected to the left in the s. hemisphere |
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Low pressure areas
air flows into low pressure area
coriolis force bends air flow to the right in northern hemisphere & to the left in southern hemisphere
pressure+coriolis=circular flow--actually exists in upper atmosphere (geostrophic winds)
at surface, ground exerts friction so cyclones converge
Northern Hemisphere: counter clockwise and converging
Southern Hemisphere: clockwise and converging |
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High pressure areas
air flows out of high pressure areas
pressure+coriolis=circular flow--actually exists in upper atmosphere (geostrophic winds)
at surface, ground exerts friction so anticyclones diverge |
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amount of energy stored or released as phase changes (it’s always the same for any given substance)--can’t be felt
ex: 100 degree steam and 100 degree water are at the same temperature, but the steam has more energy. If the steam condenses on your skin, the latent heat is released=>burns. |
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| heat that can be measured via temperature |
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| emperature at which a given air mass reaches saturation--depends only on absolute humidity |
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rate at which still air cools with increased altitude
-variable
-average value = 6.4C/1000m or 3.5F/1000ft |
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| Stable Atmosphereic Conditions |
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