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| First legislation in the Americas- Spanish creed, applied to US and Philippines. attempted to regulate the interaction between natives and settlers. included a lot of different laws. 1573 |
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| includes Jamestown and Plymouth - the European "fortress/village" concept, surrouned by communal farmland. |
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| William Penn and Philadelphia |
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| 1682- "preplanned community development" based upon grid system |
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| The plan for Savannah, Region to Ward? (1733) -- the city was saved from the north after the war, still in tact. |
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| The land ordinance of 1785: Survey of the Public Domain |
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| Settlment of the west in an organized fashion- the government sold plots in a rectangle out west. encouraged economic growth, as well as established orderly development. settlers could resell part of their land. also important for public education. |
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| Rapid Expansion: The Railroad |
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| The Railroad: Symbol of progress: in 1830 there were 23 miles of railroad, by 1840 there were 2300. Manifest Destiny/ the Goddess Liberty-- pushing into the unknown. |
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Immigration, Migration and technology
a transformation |
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| Housing Reform and Urban Park Movement |
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| "To what extent was community control over private actions necessary to create and preserve a satisfactory environment?" Housing structure, "the railroad plan, 225 people living on size of a football field, cities missing out on open space (began to build parks and based the structure on cemetery plans with curvy streets/paths) Central Park served as a template, everyone wanted one after them. |
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| Fishman: Fifth Migration (we're talking 1990's ish) |
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Downtown Reubranism: The community elites taking interest in their downtown and setting up sky scrapers that allow for economic growth and for the specialized corporations (think law firms) to be able to thrive.
Immigrant Re-urbanism: the 1965 Immigration Act. Immigrants supported downtown reurbanism by the filling the low paying positions. Became almost like dormitories for cheap service providers - not so much the case anymore, many immigrants now move directly to the suburbs.
Black Reurbanism: Migration from the southern cities to northern city-- good because they fill a lot of the innercity jobs although it was a kind of rough road
White-middle class reurbanism: the "urban experience", walking life, etc. less of a difference between affluent and middle class, unslumming neighborhoods, babyboomers migrating to the cities and their 20 something year old children rejecting urban life. |
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Company Towns/ First Suburb
affluence created a desire to live in the first ring of the suburbs, owners of factories moved out and rode railroads- first time railroads are commuter
company towns rich company owners design and create their own ompany town (ex. Pullman, Illinois_
1870s ish- telephone, elevated railroad tracks, railcars in SF- creative genius begins |
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| designer of Central Park & big on city planning having to do with santiation in the late 1800s |
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big milestone in housing reform, pushed for a reform for low income housing
(the tradition of municipal movement .. tree planting, etc and the municipal art movement also big) |
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| The Rebirth of American Urban Planning |
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| inspired in large part by the Chicago World Fair of 1893- world fairs = temporary design... became the evolution of city planning part II |
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| The City Beautiful Movement |
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Physical order = social order....
created beauty for the public good - civic virtue
inspired largely by Chicago World Fair 1893
SF (1905), the cities didnt issue reuests for proposal, it was organized by private clubs like the builders club, etc. Beming-> tried to plan for rebuild after earthquakes but was ignored
Chicago- 1909 granddaddy: Daniel Berning & Co had chicago plan, plan represented colonial town plan , cars were on the scene, they had laces to drive, movers & shakers wanting places to drive - they created the plan, hierarchy. |
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| Potential Test Q: What are the components of a plan done during the city beautiful movement? |
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Definition
civic centers, public buildings, parks, streets
what do they share? public institution, public domain-- missing private domain
who paid for this? The movers and shakers, land owners making things happen - own railroads, cattle industry, etc.
people with this much power appreciated the design of a great building |
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| The "city practical" (or city efficient) era |
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more into city infrastructure and land use
- The New York City Zoning Plan (1916) - granddaddy to the zoning plan, although Los Angeles City is one of the first to have zoning plan too
zoning- what kind of land use, heights, etc.
NY- have numbers, number mean height of building- they can be twice the height of the building- the street needs to be able to maintain the capacity of the inhabitants, |
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| The Birth of the American Automobile Culture |
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| starting to get into the fourth migration, by 1916 4.7 million registered cars.. system of blue 2 plane concrete roads from 1916 effort |
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| Milestones in American Planning |
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State Enabling Legislation (1922, revised in 1928) Models, first zoning models, cities adopt zoning ordinances - the organization and power of the planning commission- adopting a master plan, the physical development o fthe terrirotry, provsion for adoption of a master stree plan, provision for approval of all public imporvements, control of private subdivision of land, provision for the establishment of a regional planning commission and a regional plan
Euclid vs. Ambler Realty (1926)- first surpeme court case dealing with justice- ambler realty wanted to industrialize/ use land, town of Euclid fought. Euclid won. |
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| First Suburbs for the Motor Age |
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| Radburn N.J.- important idea because it attempts to build the automobile into suburbs.. some regional planning, super block & then open spaces |
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| Planning 1930-1950 - great depression WWII.. |
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Definition
cities lose sense of power, federal government has power.. or power to print money at least.
FDR, new deal.. infrastructure, dams, trails, parks all built. TVA (tennessee valley), came in built dams, flood control, etc. Regional planning, close to it. a lot of people work in planning during great depression..
new housing developments S.F. War Housing, Fishhook, Maryland |
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| 1950- 1970 "The exploding metropolis" and birth of modern suburbia |
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after the war was over, poisted to take off. Marshall Plan- rebuilt Germany but also gave us an oversees buyer, G.I. Bill- all college degree financed, huge demand for houses- started encouraging development... houses couldn't be built quick enough.
Evacuate cities during H-Bomb scares, planning to flee, freeway became grwoth inducers we hadnt though about traffic yet, elementary schools as centers, suburbia brings commercial to suburbia. |
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| Since 1970: The battle over sprawl and evolving alternatives |
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| urban renewal, housing, environmental awareness, activism, growth management, smart growth, new urbanism, sustainable development, new suburbanism, smog, backyard incinerators |
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