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Definition
| A body of ideas that reflect the social needs and aspirations of an individual, group, class, or culture that supplies the basis for views of how a political, economic, and social systems should be organized. |
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Term
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We are inherently Part of Nature as in everything else
Moral Holism lets us off the hook but saying we are a force of nature and that we are unconscious of our choices.
We are animals and part of nature |
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Definition
| We are distinct from nature and nature is distinct from us; we are moved by divergent principles; we are not of the “natural world.” |
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Term
| What is a social construction? |
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Definition
Social Construction: a symbolic representation of the world that imputes meaning to it; that direct interactions and actions.
Reflect solid institutions, how we view nature is how we view social life. |
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| Qoute by Raymond Williams on Social Construction |
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Definition
“The idea of nature contains an extraordinary amount of human history. What is often being argued…in the idea of nature is the idea of man…”
Raymond Williams (1972) |
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| Scientific Theory and Social Construction |
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Definition
| Scientific theory are not nature but human approximantions of nature |
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Term
| Rehash of ideology and nature |
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Definition
1. ideas of nature are not nature but progressive approximations of "nature"
2. Ideas about"nature," including scientific thoery, are only as a good as their correspondance with the "nature" they seek to represent
3. We need to recognize our tendacy to rely on familar categories and assumptions, even when they are not in line with "nature". |
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Term
| The wild and civilization |
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Definition
| “In our culture “civilization” and “nature/wilderness” are often dramatically opposed concepts – one draws on the other for meaning… |
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| What represents civilization? |
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Definition
| Technology... modernization...structure |
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| Why has "natural" become a Utopia. |
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Definition
To much industrialization...crime..."repungent aspects"...
Robert nash |
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Term
| Rehash "Ideology and Nature" |
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Definition
1. There is a material reality out there, no doubt
2. We call it “nature”/ the environment
3. Nature is a concept not a reality
4. The concept of nature reflects material reality but also social definitions as cultural assumptions
5. The split between “civilization” and “nature/wilderness” |
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| What did Marshall believe? |
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Definition
Nature becomes a place of clean/desirable aesthetics
The idea of wilderness is institutionalized
The idea is not just chaotic but diametrically opposed.
Robert Marshall believed the wilderness was untainted/the absence of people and that people couldn’t live right in the city. ***The absence of people is enforced in the wilderness*** |
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| Reality of the wilderness |
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Definition
| The wilderness is a social construct |
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Term
| What lead to the rise of resource management? |
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Definition
1. The Mormon “Stewardship”
2. Pinchot’s “Conservationism” and contemporary “Neo-Conservationism”
3. Muir’s “Preservationsim” and contemporary “Neo-Preservationism” |
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Definition
| Mormons sought to organize land ownership and resource allocation collectively so the group and community benefited as opposed to the individual and resources could be sustainably harvested…Stewardship has a moral base – based religiously |
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Term
| What is the conservation ethic? |
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Definition
| Conservation was an engineering based movement that advocated the “utility principle” – the intent was to halt “destructive” use and faster scientifically engineered “harvesting” practices of natural resources. |
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| Conservatioon ethic continued... |
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Definition
| Conservationism arose from the resource exploitation AKA Scientific Management Movement which focused on RATIONALLY EXTRACTING of the resource base, was in response to the OVER usage of everything that Rationally/Scientifically addresses the matter. |
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| What is Neo-Conservationism? |
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Definition
| The emphasis is the need for private ownership, resource extraction, and increased energy availability through the “wise” and private development of resources for profit and human consumption… |
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Term
| Difference between Conservationism & Neo-Conservationism? |
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Definition
Conservationism focuses on the idea that it is the utility principle: use the resource for the best need.
Neo-Conservationism focuses on using the resources wisely for the profit of the producer |
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Term
| What is the Preservation Ethic? |
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Definition
Preservationists push for “protectionist emphasis” that distinguished them from conservationists who are motivated by a reclamation and multi-use objectives.
“Resources have intrinsic value whether it be used or not” |
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| What is Neo-preservationism? |
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Definition
| Using nature as a source of profit.Most nature tourists spend most of their time in the fantasy world of the hotel, historic site, monument, and national park… Nature in a jar |
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Term
| What is "what is nature in a jar?" |
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Definition
| Nature in a Jar (national parks, etc.) locals are often alienated – somebody from the outside comes in and says this is a national monument and thus, is an absence of people so you cant do what you would do before. They are forced into a living situation that is different from their previous life. |
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Definition
| Nature is the material reality but it is a “state of mind” |
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Term
| What are the two foci in the study of ideoliogies and the environment? |
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Definition
Ideologies of Environmental Domination (our focus)
Ideologies of Environmental Concerns (next) |
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Term
| What are the three interrelated ideologies? |
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Definition
technology generating ideology
science reflecting an ideology
Judeo-Christian tradition as an ideology |
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Term
| Technologies that changed the way we as humans view nature |
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Definition
| The Mold Board Plow changed the manner in which humans integrated with and hence viewed nature. Allowed for a surplus which destroyed the idea of choas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasingly artwork, literary, and religious representations showed man to be dominating nature through the use of “powerful machinery” |
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Definition
| Increasingly artwork, literary, and religious representations showed man to be dominating nature through the use of “powerful machinery” |
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Definition
Before the 1500’s – there was an organic view in Europe (traditional)
By the 1700’s – Mechanist/Separatistic View. “Things are not the same as the mind.” Things began becoming institutionalized. The idea that things (science & technology) are things of the mind. |
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Term
| What of the role of science? |
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Definition
1. Revolutionary obersations in physics and astronomy, and mathmatical descriptioin of nature. (Galileo)
2. The rise of radical empiricalism (Bacon
3. THe analytic split of "Mind" from "body" (Descartes) |
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| Galilieo and psyco methods |
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Definition
| Math was the way to get to Gods plan |
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Definition
| Collect the facts of nature, and nature is a women |
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Definition
| "Cogito, ergo sum!" His epihany, I think therefore I am. Unthought is everthing that cannot think. Pure thought then seperates us from nature |
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Definition
Mind/God/Ideal
Rational Souls pure mind
Pure thought made humans humans and brought us closer to god. it seperated us from Unthought which was nature. |
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Definition
| Animals have no soul, no feeling, therefore we can do as we please because they do not exsist |
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Definition
When an abstract ideology is treated as if its real
A simplistic view, suggestioning that everything can be viewed through socialogy |
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Definition
1.Godliness is not part of natural cycles byt transcends them
2. God and faith are materilly above the natural world
3. Human were given the world to exploit it
4. "human destiny" and "Manifest destiny" |
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Definition
| Man does not inherently wish to earn more but has to, to keep up. Inherently scared of being lazy |
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Definition
| By your way out of your sins,the weathiest people are saved |
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Definition
| Weighing of personal goods and bads, A final judgement |
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Definition
| Vison of predestination, which ramped up the competition to work hard, how hard you worked was a sign of election, this lead to a massive comptation.A proxy for election now. |
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| What did Weber say about Calvinism |
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Definition
| This new religion created a cult of work. You accumalate it and wear it in certian ways to show your power. |
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| Secularization of hard work |
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Definition
| Over time protestant notions of hard work fomented throughout other religions. Competitve and comparative advantage, Zero Sum game, |
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Term
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Definition
| Weather you choose to particpate or not you are forced to participate because it is a competetive and comparative society. |
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Definition
| refusal of self indolgence,if you refuse to go along with the crowd you are going to bite teh dust. |
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| The nexus that creates our seperatism |
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Definition
| Technology, Scientific thought, Judea Christian tradition. . .The nexus of these creates the sepratism that we experice in society over environment |
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Definition
| A world view that reflects a sense of values and what ought to be done about it. |
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Definition
1. Nature has no intrinsic value
2. The exploitation of nature is a human right
3. Incentiveness will transcend all concievable problems |
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Definition
1. Nature has no intrinsic value
2. The exploitation of nature is a human right
3. Incentiveness will transcend all concievable problems |
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Definition
| Vast tracks of land were set aside as a moral imperative because nature had an intrinsic value in itself as being undiurbed by man. John Muir |
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Definition
| Views nature as a thing that should be manged to ensure a stable supply of natural resources for human consumption. A reaction to wastefulness, science is very important. |
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Definition
| A merge of thought between, preservationism, conservationism resource mangement, and malthusian concerns over resource scarcity |
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Definition
| Silent Spring a historical marker for the beinning of the environmental movement |
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Definition
a forboding of a decining natural environment
1. no easy fix in sight
2. lifestyles would have to change
3. Persistence was the battle of the day |
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Term
| What has changed via reformism |
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Definition
| environmentalism became institutionalized through lobbying, amending legislation, and new laws |
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Term
| What are the critiques of Reformism |
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Definition
1. became incresingly professionalized, staffed by experts and unresponsive to grass roots.
2. Has not been very succesful at sustaining momentum |
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Definition
Focuesed on social and economic inequality and it's environmental implication.
1. Distribute justice
2. community empowerment
3. democratic accountabilty
4. Community environmental quality |
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Term
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Definition
1. motivated by strong moral indignation (Religous roots)
2. direct action tactics
3. |
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Term
| how is EJ organizationally setup |
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Definition
1. Education
2. Training
3. Protest and political change |
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Definition
1. Not in my backyard
2. Anthropocentric |
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Definition
| Away from the humen centered conception of life, move beyond the anthropocentric universe. |
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| What does Deep ecology Stress |
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Definition
Humanity and nature have a deep interconnection, a certian wholeness.
earth centered |
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Definition
1. beyond changing our minds where do we go. So what?
2. |
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| Underlying tenats of deep ecology |
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Definition
1. All ife has an intrinsic value
2. Diversity is functional and necessary
3. human privalege in problematic
4. Over populationis a big problem
5. Society must stop the destruction of nature
6. Material refocus has to happen
7. Institutions have to be restructured
8. Moral obligation |
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Definition
| Natures treatment is reflection of society's treatment of nature |
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Definition
1. men repress men
2. they create dualism |
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Definition
| Nature is Gods creation and thus we are morally obligated to tend to it |
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Definition
1. Civil Societies
2. The State
3. Economy
If it doesnt happen in all three of these then we are doomed |
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Definition
Radical Paradigm
* you have to disrupt the system to be heard - a radical way of pursuing an end. They are the environmental promise keepers |
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Definition
Radical Paradigm
* you have to disrupt the system to be heard - a radical way of pursuing an end. They are the environmental promise keepers |
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Term
| Civil Societies and change |
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Definition
| change in attitude and and not in action, production and consumption are still the same |
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Term
| Civil Society and counter movements |
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Definition
undermined environmental gains
1. Wise use
2. Property rights
3. economic competitivness |
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Term
| What does a social movement need |
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Definition
1. Education
2. Political mobilization
3. Political pressure |
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Definition
Managerial pardigm is the solution
It relies on
1.pollution reducing policy's
2. Policy enforcement tactics |
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Term
Federal Environmental Legislation
(See Handout) |
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Definition
| These changed the edges of things but not the heart of the problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| What they call the "command and control" promote a certain orientation that is reactive. They wait for a transgression and then react. |
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Definition
| The Toxic Release Inventory is a database that offers info to communities. It is a feature that empowers citizens by giving the knowledge of their community and protects their health. |
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Term
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Definition
| The genuine product indicator takes into account what the GDP (sum of all our spending) does not. It is an attempt to improve "conventional" measures of a "healthy" society. |
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Definition
The GPI measures:
pollution
resource depletion
long term evironmental damage
social health
crime
social benefits |
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Definition
| The GDP measures the total output of the US economy, measured by the final purchase price. GDP=consumer spending+ business & Residential investment + government spending - trade deficit |
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| The State - "precautionary principle" |
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Definition
| PP is another innovation that is important that has to do with social movement pressure that turns on its head the adversary relationship between the state and private sector |
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Term
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Definition
| PP says that we cannot continue to forge ahead as if everything is safe until proven otherwise - it says that we need to forge ahead with caution. It redefines the notion of burden of proof - says that the burden should be on the company of an invention instead of the government. This totally changes the dynamics of things. |
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| The State - "assurance bonds" |
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Definition
| The PP requires for assurance bonds which are a form of insurance against worse case scenarios in which industry protects itself from catastrophic failures. |
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Definition
| The most important aspect of PP to Beamish is that it calls for innovations of significant inventions to be democratized. That the public should be the arbitor as to what is an acceptable risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eco-mod views both the problem and solution to ecological decline from a conservative vantage. It says that society, wia the economy is evolving toward environmental sustainability. |
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Definition
According to eco-mods positive environmental tranformation is happening and with a little push it can pull through:
-modernization & decreased ecological impact
-dematerialization through industrial-ecology practices |
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Term
| TE - Eco-innovation & dematerialization |
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Definition
| For each unit of output there will be a progressively fewer environmental withdrawals and additions becauseing minimizing costs is ecologically sound and people want to do things that make them feel good |
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Term
| TE - transformation toward dematerialist practice requires a dramatic but achievable shift in contemporary business standards |
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Definition
-increased natural resource porductivity
-shift to biologically inspired industiral systems
-move to "sciences" instead of ownership model
-reinvest and continually improve all of the above |
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Term
| TE - eco-innovation through taxes and levies |
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Definition
levie green taxes: base it on how much you pull out and put into the environment. INTERNALIZING COSTS
consumptive taxes: change it so that you are essentially only taxed on luxury items not those required for survival
labor taxes: get rid of exchanging labor tax for sales tax |
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Term
| TE - Eco-Mods advocate... |
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Definition
| they claim that social movement pressure and government involvement are a must. Intervention of the government is a necessity. |
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Term
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Definition
| they have less faith in the government and in short, believe that dematerialization promotes innovations that are low in cost and have a less harmful effect on the environment |
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