Term
| What are collections of components interacting with each other to produce outcomes that each component could not achieve on its own? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the term for receiving energy from outside of Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the term for a system that is self-contained and neither receives nor sends outputs beyond the systems borders? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In terms of energy flow, Earth is an open system. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: In terms of matter, Earth is an open system. |
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Definition
| False, closed because matter cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
| Around how many elements does the human body contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the mechanisms and rates by which a stock changes over time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a loop in a system responds to and produces changes in levels of stocks by affecting inflows or outflows of those stocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| What's another name for positive feedback? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's another name for negative feedback? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is used to trace how matter on earth flows through different parts of the environment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process where marine or freshwater environments are enriched with nutrients causing rapid growth, death, and decomposition of algae and phytoplankton? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's another name for nitrogen-fixing bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process where carbonic acid forms due to more CO2 dissolving into ocean water because of extra atmospheric CO2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 other places that temperatures are taken over land (surface air temperature (SAT)) |
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Definition
| Marine air temperature (MAT) and sea surface water temperatures (SST) |
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Term
| What are 2 examples of climate proxys? |
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Definition
| Tree rings and coral skeletons |
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Term
| What are ancient climate conditions understood through use of proxies? |
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Definition
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Term
| Finding less heavy oxygen in an ice core indicates the climate was ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens where a barrier causes an inflow of energy that outpaces the outflow such that the interior warms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon dioxide and water vapor are examples of __________ gases. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a measure of reflectivity of a surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hot and humid conditions promote swamps and marshes which can remove ___ in the air and store it in layers of organic matter. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are regular patterns of variation in the shape of the Earth's orbit, and the tilt and direction of Earth's rotational axis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What thing in oceans have a major impact on global climate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are large circular ocean currents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a force driven by Earth's rotation that deflects objects, winds, and currents on the surface of the Earth and in the ocean or the atmosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a large-scale ocean circulation driven by surface and deep water ocean currents and changes in water temperature and salinity (density)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a countercurrent that significantly weakens or shifts the direction of trade winds and ocean currents in the southern Pacific? |
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Definition
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Term
| What shows computer simulations in support of real-world observations of climate change? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much has sea level risen since the late 1800s? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the seasonal timing of biological activities, such as breeding, flowering, and migration of various species? |
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Definition
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Term
| Positive feedback ________ the original change, and negative feedback ________ the original change. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the energy used to make and transport goods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of energy comes from fossil fuels |
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Definition
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Term
| What are materials made of strands of hydrogen and carbon molecules derived from ancient, solar energy-capturing photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the liquid fossil fuel that's formed from plants and microscopic ancient animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a solid carbon-based fossil fuel formed from ancient tropical swamps that were buried and subjected to millions of years of immense pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are easily obtained fossil fuels called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are difficult-to-extract deposits of fossil fuels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is petroleum/oil most used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the term where efficiency gains raise the supply of the resource, which lowers the cost of that resource, which can cause its consumption to rise? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 1st and 2nd largest sources of electricity in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's it called when entire mountaintops are removed to scoop out underlying coal, then the waste is put in adjacent valleys? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Coal uses 50% more water than natural gas. |
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Definition
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Term
| The refined form of oil is ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Oil deposits form in soil. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Sometimes oil doesn't need pumps for extraction. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is where solvents, water, or steam is injected to increase pressure, which forces more oil to the surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| What energy retrieval method is horizontal drilling to access thin layers of oil? |
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Definition
| Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) |
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Term
| Canada has oil bonded with loose-grained rock deposits, which are known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which energy extraction method requires the use of steam and and direct heat application to separate the oil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 things can fracking extract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is coal most commonly used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is oil mainly used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enables pollution allowances to be bought, sold, traded, or saved for the future? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a process that prevents CO2 emissions from escaping by injecting them underground, by turning harmful gases to liquid form? |
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Definition
| Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) |
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Term
| T/F: Chewing gum, pantyhose, and cosmetics are derived from petroleum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is coal still the main fuel to generate electricity in the US? |
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Definition
| All coal deposits in the US lie close to the surface and are easily extracted |
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Term
| What are fossil fuels in solid form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are fossil fuels in liquid form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are fossil fuels in a gaseous state? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is energy from atomic nuclei? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is energy from Earth's internal heat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which 4 energy sources are nonrenewable? |
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Definition
| Coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy |
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Term
| What is a hard, blackish substance that was formed from woody organic matter compressed into a dense, solid, carbon structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is surface coal primarily extracted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of mining excavates large tunnels underground? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is unrefined oil extracted from the ground? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a gas consisting primarily of methane and other volatile hydrocarbons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What may refer to oil and natural gas collectively? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are derived from marine plankton that died, sank to the sea bottom and are transformed by time, heat, and pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms when crude oil deposits are partially degraded by bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is sedimentary rock filled with organic matter that can be processed in shale oil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the proportions of fuels that are physically accessible? |
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Definition
| Technologically recoverable portions |
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Term
| What is a process that separates the oil molecules by size? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is created from the separated products of refining? |
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Definition
| Specialized fuels for heating, cooking, transportation, lubricating oils, and asphalts |
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Term
| What is coal primarily used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do coal-fired power plants use coal combustion? |
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Definition
| To convert water to steam, which turns turbines to produce electricity |
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Term
| What 3 things are natural gas used for? |
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Definition
| Electricity generation, heat, and cooking |
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Term
| _________ is used as fuel for vehicles. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ products are found in many household items. |
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Definition
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Term
| What may involve using minerals to absorb sulfur dioxide to remove nitrogen oxides? |
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Definition
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Term
| Coal or Nuclear Power: Extensive land and ecosystem disturbance |
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Definition
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Term
| Coal or Nuclear Power: Higher in greenhouse gas emissions |
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Definition
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Term
| Coal or Nuclear Power: Releases pollutants in the air. |
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Definition
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Term
| Coal or Nuclear Power: Possibility of radioactive emissions if severe accident occurs and generation of radioactive waste. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is it called when fuel rods are melted and begin releasing high amounts of radiation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is nuclear waste a big problem? |
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Definition
| The half-life of leftover radioisotopes from fission reactors is hundreds of millions of years |
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Term
| What are 3 negatives to nuclear power? |
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Definition
| Big disaster potential, building plants is extremely expensive, and shutting them down is also expensive |
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Term
| What are 3 advantages to wind power? |
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Definition
| Nondepletable, doesn't need water to operate, and can be constructed quickly |
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Term
| What is a downside to wind and solar power? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 3 benefits of solar power? |
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Definition
| Nondepletable, no water/emissions, and quick and easy to install |
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Term
| What is a positive and negative of hydropower? |
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Definition
| Constant source of energy and damage to ecosystems |
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Term
| What's it called when nuclei is split? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of energy is the most powerful? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are combined heat and power systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| Government support for research and development, tax advantages for consumers, regulation of the energy industry, and funding infrastructure all play a role in shaping ______ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 reasons is thorium better than regular nuclear power? |
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Definition
| It can reuse nuclear waste, no risk to meltdown, and it's cheaper than uranium |
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