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| biological and physical surroundings in which any given living organism exists |
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| And Interdisciplinary field of research that draws on the natural and social sciences and the humanities in order to understand the natural world and our relationship to it |
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| a scientific approach that investigates the natural world through systematic observation and experimentation |
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| researchers who are trying to solve practical problems |
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| basic understanding of how ecosystems function and of the impact of our choices on the environment |
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| imperfect and sometimes problematic responses that we must at times choose between when addressing complex problems (irrigation for crops, but can cause water shortage) |
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| Environment + Social + Economic Impact of our choices |
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| development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same |
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| energy that comes from an infinitely available or easily replenished source |
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Anthropocentric-human centered view
Biocentric-values all life
Ecocentric- values ecosystem |
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| the blanket of gases that surround the earth and other plantes |
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| region of atmosphere that starts from ground and goes up 7 miles |
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| region of atmosphhere that starts at troposphere and extends 31 miles up. |
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Correlation
Cause and Effect
Hypothesis
Peer Review
Theory |
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Independent- manipulated
Dependent- stays the same |
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| chemicals taht cause damage to living organism through immediate exposure |
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| more common, dont degrade |
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occur in nature
Ex. Arsenic |
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| chemicals that don't readily degrade over time |
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| EPA Environmental protection Agency |
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| fedral agency that is responsible for setting policy and enforcing US laws |
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| Rachel Carsons - Silent Spring |
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3 concerns around herbicides
1- have large effects at small doses
2- development are vulnerable
3- mixing chemicals can have unexpected impacts |
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ability to find and evaluate the quality of info given
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sources |
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| scientists who study the causes and patterns of disease |
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| scientists who study the specific properties of toxic substances |
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| Types of Studies done by Toxicologists |
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In Vitvo- in the body
In Vitro- in galss |
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| the change in population size over time that takes into account the number of births and deaths as well as immigration #s |
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| the ablity of an ecosystems living components to produce and recycle resources |
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| the # of years an individual is expected to live |
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| # of deaths per 1000 people per year |
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| # of offspring per 1000 people per year |
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| # of people per unit area |
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| movement of poeple into a given population |
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| movement of people out of a given populations |
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| number of infants who die in the first year of life per every 1000 live births that year |
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| benefits that are important to all life, provided by functional ecosystems |
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| land area needed to provide the resources for and assimilate the waste of people |
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| wealth of resources on earth |
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| readily produced resources that we could use and still leave enough natural capital behind to replace what we took |
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Impact based on Population, Affluence, and technology
(I=PAT) or (I=PA/T) |
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| costs that is accounted for when a product is priced |
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| cost not taken into account when pricing |
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| internal + external costs |
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| how species interact with other components |
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| total area on earth where living things are found |
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| a portion of the biosphere characterized by a distinct climate and assemlage of plants/animals |
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| organisms in a given area plus the nonliving components of the physical environment |
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| all the populations living and interacting in an area, represent "living" portion of ecosystem |
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| a group of individuals of the same species living and interating in the same region |
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| a group of plants or animals that have a high degree of similarity and can generally interbreeed |
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| the environment in which individuals of a species can be found |
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| the role a species plays in its community, including how it gets its energy and nutrients, its habitat requirements, and what other species and parts of the ecosystem it interacts with |
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| biochemical cycles that refer specificalls to the movement of lifes essential chemicals |
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| enters ecosystems as solar radiation and is passed along from organism to organism |
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Forrests (tropical, temperate, boreal)
Deserts
Grasslands |
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biotic- resevior
abiotic- sinks
producers
consumers
cellular respiration |
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| the limit of how large a population can be sustained by the limiting resources |
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| study of all the populations living in an area |
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| a species that is particularily vulnerable to the ecosystem perturbations, can give us warning of a problem |
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| consumers that eat dead organic material |
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| organisms such as bacteria and fungi that break organic matter all the way down to constituent atoms in a form that plants can take back up |
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| Gross Primary Prodcutivity |
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| a measure of the total amount of energy captured via photosynthesis and transferred to organic molecules in an ecosystem |
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| the sequence of consumption from produces through tertiary consumers. |
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Producer- autotrophs
Consumer- heterotrophs
Primary Consumer- herbivores
Secondary Consumer- carnivores
Tertiary Consumer- carnivores |
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| species intergrations in which one individual feeds on the other |
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| a close relationship between two organisms in which at least one of the ogranism benefits |
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| a relationship where two species benefit each other |
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| a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited |
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| a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed |
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changes in communities and species within them
Ecological- replacemet of plant species
Primary- no ecosystem existed before
Pioneer- move in early, die and leave seeds
Secondary- move in an area that is disturbed |
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| main mechanism by which populations adapt and evolve |
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| a nonrandom influence that affects who survives and reproduces versus dies off |
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| stretches of DNA, the hereditary material of cells that each direct the production of a particular protein |
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| differences in the gene frequencies within a population from one genereation to the next |
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the heritable variation among individuals of a single population
(genetic mutation or recombination) |
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| when two species each become the selective pressure that favors certain traits |
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| The situation that occurs when a small group with only a subset of the larger population’s genetic diversity becomes isolated and evolves into a different population, missing some of the traits of the original |
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| The situation that occurs when population size is drastically reduced, leading to the loss of some genetic variants, and resulting in a less diverse population |
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| have fast generation times which mean they are often one step ahead of efforts to control them (Insects) |
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| longer generation times, take longer to recover if population falls (endangered species) |
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| the heritable variation among individuals of a single population or within the species as a whole |
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| a species that is native to a particular area and is not found elsewhere |
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| the destruction of part of an area that creates a patchwork of suitable and unsuitable habitat areas taht may exclude some species |
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| describes a species that is locally extinct in one or more areas but still has individual members elsewhere |
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| What is the most numerous specie |
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| a state of poor health that results from inadequate or unbalanced food intake |
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| a coordinated global effort to eliminate hunger by bringing modern agricultural technology to developing countries |
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| a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower |
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| the process of leveling land into steps on slope, reduces soil erosion and runoff |
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| farming on a hilly land in rows that are planted along the slope |
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| planting crops in soil that is minimally disturbed and that retains some plant residue |
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| planted in the off-season to help prevent soil eroision |
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| a form of charcoal that is produced when organic matter is partially burened, improves soil quality. |
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| amount of carbon released to the atmosphere by a person, nation, company or activity. |
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