Term
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Definition
| A continuum of physiological or psychological activation ranging from sleep to excitement; crowding, personal space intrusions, or other stressors can lead to overarousal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, and dopamine- secretions that energize various systems in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Handling stressors; efforts to restore equilibrium after stressful events. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a strict sense, a philisophical notion that circumstances have absolute causal relationships to events. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theoretical position based on overload of information from the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple principles that facilitate decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variable that operates in a sequence between other variables, such as arousal mediating the relationship between noise and aggression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A variable that interacts with another, such that the effects of a variable are different depending on the level of the moderator, as in the effects of noise on task performance differ depending on the level of task difficulty. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which environmental stimulation is kept to a minimum. (Limiting environmental stimulation) |
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Term
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Definition
| A formulation that predicts that certain environmental conditions lead to a stress reaction, which may have emotional, behavioral, and physiological components. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cognitive appraisal component of the stress model that focuses on future dangers. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that performance is maximal at intermediate levels of arousal and declines as arousal increases or decreases from this point. |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that under high density conditions, many negative effects are due to "getting in people's way" and similar mechanisms for blocking goals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Area in which the negative effects of high density are intensified. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Experiental state when the constraints of high density are salient to an individual |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In personal space, formulations that assume that when space is inadequate, fear and discomfort are experienced due to feelings of aggression or threat; such models are based on observations of non-human animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situations characterized by high social or spatial density; a large number of people in an area. |
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Term
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Definition
| The distance between people |
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Term
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Definition
| A body buffer zone that people maintain between themselves and others. |
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Term
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Definition
| An interpersonal boundary process by which people regulate interactions with others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Manipulations that vary group size while keeping area constant. |
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Term
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Definition
| furniture arrangements, achitectural designs, or social factors that encourage social interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| furniture arrangements, achitectural designs, or social factors that discourage social interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Manipulations that vary area while keeping group size constant |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical features that are not actual barriers to other people but which signify that an area is someone's territory, such as name and address signs, hedges, or rock borders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of behaviors and cognitions an organism or group exhibits, based on perceived ownership of physical space; claim to and defense of a geographic area |
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Term
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Definition
| An ideal level of stimulation that leads to maximum performance or satisfaction |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings or emotional states |
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Term
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Definition
| Viewing the natural environment from the perspective of how it meets human needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively stable tendency to evaluate a person, object, or idea in a positive or negative way |
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Term
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Definition
| The proposition that humans have evolved a biological affinity for natural environments |
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Term
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Definition
| The proposition that humans have a genetic predisposition to learn to fear certain potentially dangerous elements of nature, such as spiders and snakes |
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Term
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Definition
| In landscape evaluations, the degree to which the elements in a scene are organized and seem to fit together |
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Term
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Definition
| A perspective that holds that perception is an active process in which sensory inputs are analyzed, compared with past experience, and manipulated in order to construct perceptual interpretations of the outside world. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of ecocentrism tha is critical of modern technology, science, and political structures, believing that these endanger nature |
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Term
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Definition
| Valuing nature for its own sake instead of for how it suports humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| A position that holds that externally observable events are the only legitimate source of data |
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Term
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Definition
| another term for environmental justice, a movement that aims to correct prior and prevent future abuses of the environment by framing the issues in terms of "justice" due. |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which a scene is distinctive or memorable, in cognitive maps, the degree to which an area is easily learned or remembered |
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Term
|
Definition
| In landscape assessment, the degree to which hidden information creates intrigue and leads a viewer to further investigate a scene. |
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Term
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Definition
| A perspective that natural resources should be conserved because of their value to humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| important beliefs and feelings that are broader than attitudes and not tied to a specific object; examples include preservationism and ecocentrism. |
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Term
Intrinsic Value vs. Instrumental Value
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Definition
Intrinsic: the value something possesses in it's own right
Instrumental: the value of something as a means of achieving something else.
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Term
| What criteria may be used to determine what entities have intrinsic value? |
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Definition
- Living
- Thought capabilities (comprehension, feelings, etc.)
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the molar relationships between behavior and experience and the built and natural environments. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| in Gisbon's theory of ecological perception, the properties of an object or place that give it constant and automatically detectable functions; the possibilities of use an environment provides |
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Term
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Definition
| adaptation to one specific environmental stressor |
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Term
|
Definition
| adaptation to multiple stressors in an environment |
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Term
|
Definition
Unobtrusive indications of behavior, involving traces of additions to the environment, such as litter or fingerprints
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Term
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Definition
| Weakening of a reaction (especially psychological) to a stimulus; becoming accustomed to a particular degree of a given type of stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sonnenfeld's idea of technological change of a stimulus, as opposed to adaptation, which refers to change in the response to the stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attempt to identify, to understand, and, eventually create those features of an environment that lead to pleasureable responses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| consequences of a stimulus that occur after the stimulus has stopped. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A startle response to a stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic, global stressors such as pollution, noise, or traffic congestion |
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Term
|
Definition
| the theoretical case in which a cognitive map is stored in memory in a picture form that corresponds point for point to the physical environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| in noise, the irritating or bothersome aspect |
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Term
|
Definition
| behavioral change techniques that occur before the target behavior and that are designed to increase the likelihood of favorable acts |
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Term
|
Definition
| a two-way communications breakdown that occurs when scientists fail to ask questions with direct application to design problems or when designers neglect to employ those principles that have empirical support. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in ecological psychology, those who meet the membership requirements of a behavior setting and who are trying to become a part of it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cognitive assessment of a stressor along the dimensions of harm or loss, threat, and challenge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prompts that supply an incentive for engaging in a particular behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| data that researchers may find in others' historical records, such as police crime reports, weather records, or hospital reports |
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Term
|
Definition
| designating a particular machine or area to a particular worker in order to create a feeling of ownership |
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Term
| Attention Resoration Theory (ART) |
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Definition
| Kaplan and Kaplan's notion that extensive mental labor can lead to directed attention fatigue and that restorative experiences such as hiking a nature trail or visiting a museum can help recover ability to concentrate |
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Term
|
Definition
| the likelihood that the design of an exhibit will attract museum visitors to view it |
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Term
|
Definition
| prompts that supply a disincentive for enacting a particular behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| persistent, repetative stressors whose impact is relatively gradual, including daily hassles |
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Term
|
Definition
| atmospheric pressure, as read by a barometer. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the notion that under high density conditions, many negative effects re due to "getting in people's way" and similar mechanisms for blocking goals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| area in which the negtive effects of high density is intensified |
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Term
|
Definition
| a field of study that examines whether behavioral anomalies, such as language deficits, may be due to toxic exposure, such as lead poisoning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a model that emphasizes how the enviroment may limit or interfere with activities, leading to loss of percieved control. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a structured observational technique in which behaviors are observed, recorded, and located on a map of the setting being observed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the basic unit of environment behavior relationships, an entity that encompasses the location of a large volume of behavior; consists of the interdependency between the standing patterns of behavior and the physical milieu. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the proposition that humans have evolved a biological affinity for natural environments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the proposition that humans have a genetic predisposition to learn to fear certain potentially dangerous elements of nature, such as spiders and snake. |
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Term
|
Definition
| neighborhood organiztions formed to add social cohesiveness and overcome urban ills and that work for such imporvements as better lighting, police protection, or street repairs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in ecological psychology, the maximum number of inhabitants a behavior setting can hold; in overload notions, the limited capability for processing information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of use a resource can support. |
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Term
|
Definition
| sudden, powerful events that require a great deal of adaptation in order for people to recover, avoid, or cope with their effects, such as disasters. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cognitive appraisal component of the stress model that focuses on the posibility of overcoming the stressor. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the effect of wind intensifying consequences of cold temperature. |
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Term
|
Definition
| average weather conditions or prevailing weather over a long period of time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the brain's representation of the spatial environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of housing in whihc families have their own private residences, but share lrger facilities, such as a master kitchen and recreation area. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the functional goal of a design. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hardin's notion that depletion of scarce resources can happen because pole sharing a resource harvest it with short-term self-interest in mind rather than long-term group interest. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in personal space, behaviors such as increased eye contact that make up inappropriately far distances, such as leaning away from a person for inapproppriately close distances. |
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Term
|
Definition
| with regard to landscape or architectural aestheics, the variety and salience of elements in a scene. |
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|
Term
| Complexity of Spatial Layout |
|
Definition
| the amount and difficulty of information that must be processed in order to move through the environmnet. |
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Term
|
Definition
| variables other than the ones being studied that also vary across different conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The "fit" between user needs or preferences and the physical features of a setting. |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement, feedback, and other interventions that occur after the targt behavior. |
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Term
| Conservation of Resources Theory |
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Definition
| Hobfoll's proposal that the entent to which people lose important resources or are able to minimize this loss will determine how much stress is experianced from a natural disaster. |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement, feedback, and other interventions that occur contingent on the target behavior's occurring or not occurring. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Environment-behavior models that emphasize consequences of loss of percieved control; the behavior constraint model is an example. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the temperature inside the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Research that does not manipulate occurrences or prescribe who should be involved as participants; events occurring prior to the research and concurrent actions of other factors in the setting may interfere with the conclusions drawn |
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Term
|
Definition
| steroid compounds produced by the adrenal cortex; increased secretion is characteristic of alarm reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| the phenomenon wherein disaster events attract a great deal of attention while they are occurring (or shortly thereafter), but concern for future disasters decreases after that |
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Term
|
Definition
| experiential state when the constraints of high density are salient to an individual |
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Term
|
Definition
| The individual weights assigned by a person in making perceptual judgements based on past experiences, personality, or other characterisitics |
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Term
|
Definition
| A relationship between two variables that is not a straight line, such as U-shaped or inverted-U function |
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Term
|
Definition
| stable, low intensity problems encountered as part of one's routine, such as commuting |
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Term
|
Definition
| units of measure of loudness of sound, in the form of logarithmic representations of sound pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| clearly bounded or semiprivate areas that appear to belong to someone |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which different parts of a setting can be seen from a number of vantage points; access facilitates the learning of a new environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| according to Zimbardo, feeling of anonymity, or loss of individual identity, that releases otherwise inhibited antisocial behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| the aesthetic goal of design |
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Term
|
Definition
| a medical term meaning long-term loss of memory and confusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| ignoring or suppressing awareness of stressors and other problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| Freedman's conceptualization that high densityincreases the intensity of behaviors and feelings that would have occurred anyway under lower density conditions |
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Term
| descriptive approach (to landscape assessment) |
|
Definition
| landscape assessment based on the judgements of professionals trained to detect patterns, primarily based on artistic judgement |
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Term
|
Definition
| research that reports behavior, emotions, or other characteristics that occur in a given setting or in response to a specific event |
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Term
|
Definition
| the list of potential solutions to a design problem |
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Term
|
Definition
| a continuous cycle of information gathering, planning, and evaluation; the cyclical nature allows information gathered from one project to add to the knowledge for subsequent designs |
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Term
|
Definition
| a case-by-case examination of proposed new building projects that attempts to ensure that they will remain harmonious with both the existing architecture and the ongoing social fabric of a district |
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Term
|
Definition
| in a strict sense, a philisophical notion that circumstances have absolute causal relationships to events |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Distinctiveness; buildings or environments that are different or distinctive are more easily remembered |
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Term
| Diffusion of responsibility |
|
Definition
| an explanation for decreased helping behavior which posits that as the number of potential helpers increases, each one assumes less individual responsibility for helping |
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Term
| directed attention fatigue (DAF) |
|
Definition
| a state of mental exhaustion similar to overload |
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Term
|
Definition
| powerful events that cause substantial disorganization, disruption, or destruction to an area, community, or series of communities |
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea of changing a steady pattern in museum exhibits, breaking up the pattern helps relieve museum fatigue |
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Term
|
Definition
| disturbance of individual, group, or organizational functioning and routine |
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Term
|
Definition
| errors in cognitive maps based on inaccurate retrieval that leads us to put some things too close together, some too far apart, and misalign others |
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Term
|
Definition
| large geographical areas that are identified in cognitive maps; typically, the places within a district have a common character |
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|
Term
| dominant Western world view |
|
Definition
| belief that human domination over infinite natural resources leads to inevitable progress |
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Term
|
Definition
| valuing nature for its own sake instead of for how it supports humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| according to Gibson's ecological perception, a set of affordances that are utilized |
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Term
|
Definition
| the approach that emphasizes that perception is holistic and direct; according to this view, patterns of stimulation give the perceiver immediate information about the environment- including its affordances- with little effort or cognitive activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Barker's behavior setting approach to studying the interaction between humans and their environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the objective usefulness of various environmental stimuli in making accurate perceptual judgements |
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Term
|
Definition
| elements in cognitive maps that limit or divide features, such as paths or districts; edges may be elements such as walls, railyards, or water features |
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Term
|
Definition
| an adjustment in perceived temperature to account for humidity, similar to the Temperature-Humidity index |
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Term
|
Definition
| extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields associated with weather disturbances or power lines |
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Term
|
Definition
| a weather oscillation marked by warming of equatorial waters off the Pacific coast of South America around Christmas time, resulting in warmer and drier weather in the northern United States and colder and wetter weather in the southern United States |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| statements of simple observable relationships between phenomena (often expressed in mathematical terms) that can be demonstrated time and time again |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a position that holds that externally observable events are the only legitimate source of data |
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|
Term
| en masse behavior pattern |
|
Definition
| in Barker's ecological psychology, the behavior of a group |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describing and evaluating environments |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability or propensity to imagine and think about the spatial world |
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Term
|
Definition
| making people aware of the scope and nature of environmental problems and of behavioral alternatives to alleviate them |
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|
Term
| Environmental Emotional Reaction Index (EERI) |
|
Definition
| an assessment of the emotional reactions of humans to some components of environmental quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a movement that aims to correct prior and prevent future abuses of the environment by framing pro-environmental issues in terms of "justice" due |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theoretical position based on overload of information from the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a model which posits that the demands or press and environment laces on its iccupants as well as the competance of the occupants determine the consequences of interacting with the environment |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Quality Index (EQI) |
|
Definition
| objective measures of environmental quality- the chemical or physical properties of water or air, for example |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| framing environmental justice issues in terms of discrimination against and justice for diadvantaged groups |
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|
Term
| environmental spoiling hypothesis |
|
Definition
| the notion that perceived quality of the living environment is determined largely by the number of unpleasant contacts with others |
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|
Term
| environmental stress hypothesis |
|
Definition
| theoretical perspective that emphasizes how the environment can elicit stress and coping reactions when it is evaluated to be threatening |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the discipline that concerns itself with the design and modification of equipment and workplaces to make them better adapted to the needs of humans; also called human factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| trace measures that signify something taken away or worn down |
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Term
|
Definition
| a system of morals or standards held by a person, culture, or religion |
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Term
|
Definition
| in personal space, formulations that assume that when space is inadequate, fear and discomfort are experience due to feelings of agression or threat |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| how much a gallery exit attracts a museum visitor to leave the gallery |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which the experimental manipulation has impact on the participant and is representative of events that occur in the real world |
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Term
|
Definition
| a way of conducting research that allows inferences about what might cause a given effect |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which a research study's findings generalize to other contexts |
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|
Term
| extra-individual behavioral pattern |
|
Definition
| in Barker's ecological psychology, the behavior of large numbers of people |
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Term
|
Definition
| someone you have observed on many occasions but never interact with |
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Term
|
Definition
| a technique that provides information about whether one is attaining or failing to attain an environmental goal |
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Term
|
Definition
| busy retail and tourist centers that combine retail space, leisure, and theater |
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Term
|
Definition
| the design goal of permanence and structural integrity |
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Term
|
Definition
| assignment of a specific workspace or machine to a worker on a more or less permanent basis |
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Term
|
Definition
| architecture based on the day-to-day needs of people as they live, shop, and work |
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|
Term
| foot-in-the-door-technique |
|
Definition
| a technique that increases compliance with a standard request by first asking for a small favor that the respondant is likely to agree to |
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Term
|
Definition
| in map design, having what is forward on the ground being at the top ("up") on the map |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| in the public goods problem, a person who fails to contribute to the common good but reaps the benefits of the contributions of the other participants |
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Term
|
Definition
| the number of cycles per second in a sound wave, perceived psychologically as pitch |
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Term
|
Definition
| formation of ice crystals in the skin |
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Term
|
Definition
| a tradition within psychology that views behavior as a way of adapting to or surviving the demands of the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea that heating and cooling of the earth (oceans, land, and atmosphere) as well as assiciated operations of living things are part of a self-regulating system |
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Term
|
Definition
| lapses in communication among designers, users, behavioral scientists, or clients that result in design errors or oversights |
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|
Term
| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
|
Definition
| Selye's stress model, which onsists of the alarm reaction, the stage of resistance, and the stage of exhaustion |
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Term
|
Definition
| a measurment of how well a finding, relationship, or theory applies from one setting to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| the emergence of middle- and upper-class areas in parts of the inner city that were formerly deteriorated |
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|
Term
| Gestalt perception, Gestalt principles, or Gestalt theory |
|
Definition
| perceptual principles developed by the Gestalt school of psychology that have heavily influenced architectural thinking; based on a holistic assumption that we read meaning- such as shape or melody- into perceptions beyond the mere sum of individual sensations |
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Term
|
Definition
| warming of average global temperature by several degrees per century, thought by many to be due to atmospheric pollution and associated greenhouse effects, and to altered land use patterns |
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Term
|
Definition
| architecture, such as monuments or impressive facades, built to impress the populace, client, or other architects |
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Term
|
Definition
| the excess heating of the planet due in part to carbon dioxide and other pollutants trapping too much heat close to Earth's surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| new practices that help sustain environmental resources, such as light bulbs that save energy or manufacturing processes that do not produce toxic wastes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process (especially physiological) by which a person's responses to a particular stimulus become weaker over time |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a cognitive appraisal component of the stress model that focuses on damage already done |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| permanent or temporary decrease in one's ability to hear caused by damage to the eardrum or to the tiny hair cells in the inner ear |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| moderate condition of faintness, nausea, headache, and restlessness due to heat stress |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| severe and life-threatening condition of heat stress in which the sweating mechanism breaks down |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| cycles per second of a sound wave |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| simple principles that fascilitate decision making |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situations characterized by high social or spatial density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descriptive of automatic mechanisms that serve to maintain a state of balance |
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|
Term
| homocentric, homocentrism |
|
Definition
| viewing the natural environment from the perspective of how it meets human needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a primitive part of the brain responsible in part for regulating temperature, hunger, thirst, aggression, and sex drive |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a life-threatening decline in core temperature |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced oxygen intake associated with low air pressure conditions |
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|
Term
| individual difference variables |
|
Definition
| variables that reflect differences in people in terms of background, personaility, or other factors |
|
|
Term
| individual good-collective bad trap |
|
Definition
| a type of social trap in which a resource is depleted because short-term positive consequences of usage are experienced by the individual but long-term negative consequences are dispersed through the group |
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Term
|
Definition
| population density indices using "inside" measures, such as number of people per residence or per room |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rigor with which a research study is constructed so that one knows whether observed effects are due to variables of interest as opposed to such methodological artifacts as confounds or failure to control extraneous variables |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| personality variable that taps whether people believe they, or outside forces, control their outcomes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the distance between people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inferred phenomenon that mediates the relationship between other events or concepts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| in research, access by the researcher into nonpublic activities of the research participant without the person's permission |
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Definition
| Aldo Leopold's belief that humans share nature with a community of equal elements, including other species, soils, and water |
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| structures or geographical entities that are distinctive |
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| Seligman's idea that once we believe we have lost control over the things that happen to us, we cease trying to change the situation |
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| the degree to which a scene is distinctive or memorable; in cognitive maps, the degree to which an area is easily learned or remembered |
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Definition
| Brunswik's model of perception that emphasizes the active process by which humans make judgements based on probablistic weighting of the variety of stimuli in the environment |
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| the observation that once protective precautions are taken against a potential disaster, people tend to settle and live around these precautions, even though threats are still present |
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Definition
| the principle that parallel lines will appear to converge in the distance |
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| straight-line (monotonic or rectilinear) relationship between two variables |
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| the belief that heat wave conditions precipitate violence |
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| the physical perception of amplitude in a noise or sound |
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Definition
| the point in a disaster at which victims perceive that the worst threat, harm, or adaptive demand has been reached |
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Definition
| in ecological psychology, the minimum number of inhabitants needed to maintain a behavior setting |
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Definition
| in human factors, the relationship between the actions of an operator and those of a machine |
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Definition
| covering up or eliminating the distinct perception of a sound or noise by adding another sound or noise of similar frequency and similar or higher amplitude |
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Definition
| a variable that operates in a sequence between other variables, such as arousal mediating the relationship between noise and aggression |
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Definition
| a type of social trap in which individuals fail to act for the benefit of the group because the penalty to the "hero" who does act seems inordinately large |
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| a reltionship between concepts that is often based on analogies or metaphors |
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Definition
| an antecedent strategy in which others display or model the desired pro-environmental behavior |
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Definition
| a variable that intercts with another, such that the effects of a variable are different depending on the level of the moderator, as in the effects of noise on task performance differ depending on the level of task difficulty |
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Definition
| the industrialized societies; critics suggest that a premium is placed on originality and aesthetics at the expense of evolutionary development |
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Term
| multidimensional sealing (MDS) |
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Definition
| a class of statistical procedures for displaying the relationships between concepts or places based on their similarity on several dimensions of interest |
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Definition
| Robinson's notion that museum visitors tire because they must pay attention to so much information in exhibits |
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Definition
| in landscape assessment, the degree to which hidden information creates intrigue and leads a viewer to further investigate a scene |
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Definition
| a sound or noise with relatively few frequencies in it |
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Definition
| the view that perceptual processes or other phenomena come to us automatically as opposed to having to be learned through experience |
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Definition
| a disaster that is caused by natural (nonhuman) factors |
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Term
| negative affect-escape model |
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Definition
| the position that aggression increases with discomfort up to a point but then declines with further discomfort as escape motives become stronger than aggression motives |
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Definition
| removing a noxious stimulus |
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Term
| new ecological paradigm or New Environmental Paradigm |
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Definition
| belief that humans are interdependent with a fragile natural ecology that contains limited resources |
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Definition
| "Not in my back yard," or opposition to placing potential nuisance facilities in or near one's neighborhood |
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Definition
| in the cognitive maps, points where behavior is concentrated, such as at a place where major paths cross one another or intersect at a landmark |
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Definition
| sound that is undesirable or unwanted |
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Term
| noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS) |
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Definition
| hearing loss that is typically present a month or more after noise exposure ceases, characterized by increases in threshold below which sounds are inaudible |
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Definition
| in ecological psychology, those who carry out secondary roles in a behavior setting |
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Definition
| approaches to design based on values and opinions rather empirical facts |
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Definition
| a simulation of the commons dilemma developed by Edney |
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Definition
| watching people behave and recording what is seen |
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Definition
| atmospheric pressure at sea level |
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Definition
| schools designed w/ few interior walls so that students and teachers are free to move about |
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Definition
| a large office area with few walls, designed to be flexible and to facilitate the organizational processes that take place within it |
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Definition
| population density indices using "outside" measures, such as number of persons dwellings, or structures per acre |
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Definition
| a condition in which stimulation from the environment exceeds the capacity of the person to process the inputs, resulting in ignoring of some information |
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Term
| overstaffed or overstaffing |
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Definition
| in ecological psycholgy, a condition of having too many participants, where the number of "participants" exceeds the capacity of the system |
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Definition
| a form of oxygen in which three atoms are molecularly combine (O3) |
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Definition
| atmospheric reduction in ozone around the polar regions due in part to chlorofluorocarbons |
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Term
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Definition
| emotion-focused (as opposed to direct-action focused) coping processes, such as denial, using drugs, or appraising the situation as non-threatening |
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Definition
| intentionally soliciting the input of users in the design process |
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Definition
| shared travel corridors identified in cognitive maps, such as streets, walkways, or riverways |
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Term
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Definition
| prescriptions for design problems presented in such a way that they allow user participation in design |
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Definition
| belief that we can influence the things that are happening to us |
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Term
| Perceived Environmental Quality Index (PEQI) |
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Definition
| a subjective assessment of some characteristics of environmental quality as perceived by a human observer |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of extracting meaning from the complex stimuli we encounter in everyday life; high-order processing of sensory inputs |
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Definition
| those who carry out the primary tasks in a behavior setting |
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Term
| peripheral vasoconstriction |
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Definition
| constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels in the arms and legs, as in response to cold stress |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation (widening) of the blood vessels in the arms and legs, as in response to heat stress |
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Definition
| a buffer zone that people maintain between themselves and others |
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Definition
| stressful events that affect one person or only a few people at a time |
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Term
| person-environment congruence |
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Definition
| the notion that the setting promotes the behavior and goals within it |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to the "reality" of subjective personal experience as opposed to external, objective reality |
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Term
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Definition
| in Barker's ecological psychology, the physical component of the behavior setting |
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Term
| physical-perceptual approach |
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Definition
| assessment strategies that emphasize the characteristics of the physical environment that can be statistically related to judgements of aesthetics |
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Term
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Definition
| "goose bumps" or the stiffening of hairs on the skin |
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Definition
| the psychological perception of the frequency of sound |
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Definition
| psychological bonding to an environment |
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Definition
| when people are given positively valued stimuli for performing environmentally constructive acts |
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Definition
| procedures or design components that are based on empirical observations rather than opinions or values |
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Definition
| the notion that the environmental context makes possible some activities but does not force them to occur |
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Term
| post-occupany ecaluation (POE) |
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Definition
| a retrospective evaluation used to suggest modifications of the present structure and to improve available knowledge for future projects |
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Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by having experienced a traumatic event (like a disaster), frequent, unwanted, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event, heightened motivation to avoid reminders of the event, social withdrawl, and heightened arousal |
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Term
| preindustrial vernacular architecture |
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Definition
| the design of common buildings in nonindustrialized cultures |
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Definition
| a holistic view of nature that assumes that an intact ecosystem is greater than the sum of its parts |
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Definition
| cognitive assessment of threat |
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Definition
| the architecture of so called primitve societies |
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Definition
| an interpersonal boundary process by which people regulate interactions with others |
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Definition
| different levels of provacy, as evidenced in different areas of the home |
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Definition
| Altman's model in which personal space, territoriality, and crowding are conceptualized as involving processes regulating privacy, or the desired degree of interaction with others |
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Definition
| the notion that the environmental context makes some activities more probable than others but does not absolutely determine which will occur |
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Definition
| methods of gathering data and making decisions |
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Definition
| cues that convey a message |
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Term
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Definition
| how close people are to eachother in the places they occupy, in terms of objective, physical, or functional, distance |
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Definition
| the theoretical position that the environment is stored not as a series of pictures, but as interconnected concepts or ideas connected to one another by a network of associations |
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Definition
| helping behavior or other activity to promote the welfare of others |
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Definition
| Brehm's notion that any time we feel our freedom of action being threatened we act to restore that freedom |
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Definition
| the behavioral and emotional components of the stress model |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation where all participants need to contribute to a common asset |
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Term
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Definition
| administering a noxious or painful stimulus to those who engage in environmentally destructive behavior |
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Definition
| a critical element of the experimental method involving use of randomized procedures to determine which participants will be in which conditions of the study |
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Term
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Definition
| in personal space, a similar response to that shown by the other person, such as moving closer when the other moves closer, or turning farther away when the other turns away |
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Term
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Definition
| a time interval during which an organism recovers from a stressful event |
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Term
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Definition
| a criterion indicating that a particular method of measuring a phenomenon is good; a reliable measure is one that gives the same reading each time |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuum of ways of thinking about stressors; repressors tend to avoid and deny the existence of the stressor, while sensitizers tend to approach and respond emotionally to the stressor |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of commons dilemma in which individual greed for a resource conflicts with the needs of others who use it, such that the use of the resource must be managed in order to avoid depleting it faster than it can be replenished |
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Definition
| a perspective that natural resources should be conserved because of their value to humans |
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Term
| Restricted Environmental Stimulation Technique (or Therapy) (REST) |
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Definition
| a technique in which a level of sensory deprivation is used to modify behavior or relieve anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| a setting such as a natural area or museum that can help people recover from directed attention fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| a part of the brain that regulates arousal |
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Definition
| a management philosophy that proposed that workers are primarily motivated by economic benefit, and that encouraged the analysis of work activities in order to increase efficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| ignoring extraneous stimuli, or prioritizing demands |
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Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| a psychiactric diagnosis in which a depressive state seems to come and go with seasonal changes |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive appraisal of coping strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of social trap on which the momentary pleasures of the present have disastrous consequences in the long run |
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Term
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Definition
| the relatively straightforward activity of human sensory systems in reacting to simple stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which environmental stimulation is kept to a minimum |
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Definition
| maps that are predominantly listings or drawings of the ordered places a person might come upon in travveling from one place to another |
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Term
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Definition
| discomfort and symptoms of illness with no clear disease as a result of being in a specific building |
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Term
| simulation or simulation methods |
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Definition
| introduction of components of a real environment into an artificial laboratory setting in which control over assignment to conditions and experimental procedures can be maintained |
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Term
| situational awareness (SA) |
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Definition
| in human factors research, attending to the task at hand as opposed to being distracted or to trusting an automated system to perform the task properly |
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Term
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Definition
| the conditions that exist within a particular circumstance and that influence our actions |
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Definition
| paper and pencil drawings of the layout of an area from memory |
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Term
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Definition
| comparing one's assets, values, or actions with those of another |
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Definition
| manipulations that vary group size while keeping area constant |
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Definition
| situations where individual interests are pitted against group interests |
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Definition
| the feeling that one is cared about and valued by other people; the feeling that one belongs to a group |
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Definition
| Platt's notion that we get "trapped" into destructive behavior because we are motivated by short-term self-interest rather than long-term rewards |
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Definition
| prevention of pollution and waste disposal problems by avoiding production of the waste or by using waste for productive purposes |
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Term
| space surround environment |
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Definition
| a museum exhibit design in which vthe visitor is entirely surrounded by elements of the exhibit, as opposed to the elements being in seperate display cases |
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Term
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Definition
| manipulations that vary area while keeping group size constant |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive maps in which the environment has become coded in an organized and flexible representation that resembles a "bird's eye" view |
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Term
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Definition
| In Barker's ecological psychology, the idea that performance and satisfaction are in part a function of the degree to which a behavior setting has too many or too few occupants |
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Term
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Definition
| depletion of coping reseves when coping skills are pushed to the limit |
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Term
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Definition
| stress reaction seeking to restore balance |
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Term
| standing patterns of behavior |
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Definition
| In Barker's ecological psychology, the social component of the behavior setting, which is interdependent with the physical milieu |
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Term
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Definition
| a formulation that predicts that certain environmental conditions lead to a stress reaction, which may have emotional, behavioral, and physiological components |
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Term
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Definition
| in you-are-here maps, the process of determining one's location by matching elements of the environment to those depicted in a map |
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Term
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Definition
| useful facts about the relationship between environmental variables such as construction techniques, color, or privacy and design goals |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of cognitive map spatially, or through a "birds-eye" view |
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Definition
| practices that do not overly deplete resources |
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Definition
| physical features that are not actual barriers to other people but which signify that an area is someone's territory |
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Term
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Definition
| the similar structure of the physical milieu and the standing patterns of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| from Selye, the physiological component of the stress model |
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Term
| Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) |
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Definition
| an index that attempts to allow for the contribution of both temperature and humidity in accounting for discomfort |
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Term
| temporary threshold shifts (TTS) |
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Definition
| hearing loss that lasts for days or less, characterized by increases in threshold below which sounds are audible |
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Definition
| the study of the effects of chemical exposure on the developing organism |
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Definition
| a set of behaviors and cognitions an organism or group exhibits, based on perceived ownership of physical space |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively stationary areas, often with visible bounaries, that are at least temporarily "owned" by someone |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of concepts and a set of relatinships between the concepts |
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Term
| theory of planned behavior |
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Definition
| proposes that attitudes plus the subjective norms plus perceived control predict behavioral intentions, which in turn predict behavior |
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Definition
| nervous system sensory receptors that can detect changes in temperature |
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Definition
| a cognitive appraisal component of the stress model that focuses on future dangers |
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Definition
| tonal quality; the purity of sound as determined by the number of frequencies in it |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of inquiry that concentrates on patterns of relationships rather than on specific causes |
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Definition
| the degree to which there is direct access from a building to a street |
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Definition
| in ecological psychology, a condition of having too few participants |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of too few incoming stimuli, which leads to boredom |
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Definition
| measures that can be collected without a person's awareness |
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Definition
| a program in which individuals are given abandoned urban property if they agree to rehabilatate it to meet existing house codes and occupy it for a prescribed period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of integrated steps taken to maintain and upgrade the environmental, economic, or social health of an urban area |
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Definition
| relativelty homegenous, small social structures of neighborhoods or businesses |
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Term
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Definition
| a criterion indicating that a particular method of measuring a phenomenon is good; actually measures what it claims to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| important beliefs and feelings that are broader than attitudes and not tied to a specific object |
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Definition
| the process of using stored spatial information to plan and carry out movement in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychological principle that says the higher the magnitude of a stimulus, the greater the difference in magnitude the nexter higher stimulus needs to be in order for it to be detected as different |
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Term
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Definition
| a very wide range of unpatterned sound frequencies |
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Definition
| a sound or noise with many frequencies in it |
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Definition
| the effect of wind intensifying consequences of cold temperature |
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Definition
| classroom learning environment without windows, designed to reduce distraction and conserve energy |
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Definition
| the movement of information or work materials between work stations |
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