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Definition
| objective is to ensure the contintuity of species an ecosystems regardless of their potential utility |
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Definition
managing a resource so it will continue to provide maximum benefit to humans in the long run
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Definition
| using a resource too much. can be detrimental to ecosystem |
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Definition
| A chemical used to kill pests |
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Definition
| Any Chemical used to kill insects |
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Definition
| a pesicide that kills or prevents the growth of fungus |
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Term
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Definition
| dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. the first and most widely used of the synthetic organic pesticides belonging to the chlorinated hydrocarbon class. |
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Term
| integrated pest management |
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Definition
| a program consisting of two or more mehtods of pest control carefully integrated and designed to avoid economic loss from pests. Its objective is to minimize the use of environmentally hazardous synthetic chemicals. |
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Definition
| positively charged particle emitted from natural or radioactive isotopes |
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Definition
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Definition
| electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay; extremely short wavelength |
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Definition
| electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high speed electrons strike a solid target. |
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Definition
| Amount of time it takes for half an isotope to decay |
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Definition
| An siotope of an element that is unstable and that gives off radioactive emissions. |
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Definition
| Radiation that displaces ions in tissues. as it displaces them it leaves behind ions. |
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Definition
| the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay |
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Definition
| anything that causes cancer |
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Definition
| Anything that can cause mutations |
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Definition
Side-effect of having too much nitrate or phosphate from fertilizer or sewage. Depletes amount of oxygen.
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Definition
| water in the ground that has filled the pores in rocks or soil |
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Definition
| an underground layer of porous rock, sand, or other material that allows the movement of water between layers of nonporous rock or clay. Aquifers are frequently tapped for wells. |
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Definition
| When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient. |
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Definition
| hot pepper powder, nicotine, citrus oil |
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Term
Organophosphate Pesticide
ex. |
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Definition
| parathion, malathion,phorate,chlorpyrifos |
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Term
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon pesticide
ex. |
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Definition
| DDT, toxaphene,dieldrin, chlordane,lindane |
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Term
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Definition
A vertical cross-section of the soil, exposing the various horizons.
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Term
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Definition
| Distinct layers within a soil that convey different properties to the soil and that derive from natural processes of soil formation. typically goes OAEBC |
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Definition
| organic horizon, sometimes on top of A horizon in forests,made up of decaying plant residues, OAE wetlands have O over O |
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Definition
| Surface mineral horizon, dark color due to organic residue, typically on top, humus |
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Definition
| Horizon of eluviation, materials have been washed, light color, highly leached |
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Definition
| Horizon of accumulation, illuviation, clay, iron, aluminum oxides washed in. |
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Definition
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Definition
| the part of soil that is comprised of air and water 20-30% water |
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Definition
The proportionate quantity of sand, silt, and clay in the mineral fraction of a soil
-Smaller particles are more easily eroded than large ones. Texture affects aggregation and moisture. |
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Term
| Effects of soil texture on the soil environment |
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Definition
1. movement and retention of water
2. movement of soil air
3. absorption of nutrients and pollutants
4. ease of tillage |
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Term
| Size ranges of sand,silt, and clay |
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Definition
Sand 2.0 -> .05 mm
Silt .05 -> .002 mm
Clay < .002 mm |
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Term
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Definition
the manner in which soil particles are assembled in aggregate form
aggregates generally are not erodible. Aggregate stability is important.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Platy
2. Prismatic & Columnar
3.Blocky, angular, subangular
4. Granular and Crumb
5. Single-grain
6.Massive |
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Term
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Definition
1. Clay and organic matter
2. Particle orientation
3. Shrinking and swelling
4. Root forces
5. Ice crystals.
6. Animals and insects.
7. Cementing agents (iron) |
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Term
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Definition
| a weak attractive force that occurs between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and, usually, an oxygen atom of another molecule. it is responsible for holding water molecules together to produce the liquid and solid states. |
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Definition
| a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
-1/3 bar: the maximum amount of water a soil can hold against drainage
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Term
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Definition
| -15 bar : the soil moisture level causing plants to wilt, even in cool moist air |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
the organic component of soil, formed by the decomposition of leaves and other plant material by soil microorganisms
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Term
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Definition
process in which water soaks into soil as opposed to running off the surface.
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Term
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Definition
process of water seeping down through cracks and pores in soil or rock.
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Term
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Definition
The Gradual breakdown of rock into smaller and smaller particles, caused by natural chemical, physical, and biological factors.
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Definition
| The loss of a more or less even layer of soil from the land surface due to the impact of rain and runoff from a rainstorm. |
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Term
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Definition
Formed from runoff water, can plow over it and hide damage
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Term
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Definition
| Soil erosion produced by running water and resulting in the formation of a gully. |
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Term
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Definition
| mud flow, rainfall and water adds mass to slope, water lubricates soil particles and they take off |
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Term
| Saltation of the Fine Sands |
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Definition
-jumping and spinning motion
-0.5 - 0.05mm (diam.) fine sand
-breaks more particles loose
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Term
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Definition
-silts and clays can become suspended in the air
-<0.05mm
-loess deposits
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Term
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Definition
-movement of sand dunes
->0.5 to <1.0mm |
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Term
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Definition
Agriculture that maintains the integrity of soil and water resources such that it can be continued indefinitely.
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Term
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Definition
-Crop diversity
-Raw and sod crops
-legumes and Nitrogen fixation
-Forages
-Soil aggregation
-Weed control
-Insect control
-Disease control
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Term
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Definition
a natural process of leveling the land surface
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Term
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Definition
results from human activities that disturb the soil surface and the vegetative covering of the soil. It is approximately 1000 times as fast as geologic erosion.
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Term
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Definition
The layer of earths atmosphere from the surface to about 10 miles in altitude. is a well mixed site and source of our weather as well as a primary recipient of air pollutants.
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Term
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Definition
| The layer of earth’s atmosphere between 10 and 40 miles above the surface that contains the ozone shield. This layer mixes slowly and pollutants that enter it may remain for long periods of time |
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Term
two steps involved in the process of soil erosion. Also list the various erosive agents involved in these two steps
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Definition
Detachment: of individual particles from soil aggregates
Transport: of particles by erosive agents - wind or water. Particles are eventually deposited to form new soils or to fill lakes and reservoirs.
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Term
| Explain Sustainable Agriculture |
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Definition
agriculture that maintains the integrity of soil and water resources such that it can be continued indefinitely.
Reason for concern:
-population increases
-Environmental concerns
-Development of marginal land
-Economic and political concerns
Aims:
-Maintain and improve resource base
-Protect the environment
-Increase productivity
-Increase profitability
-Conserve energy
-Improve food quality and safety
-Create a viable socio economic infrastructure
Features:
-Crop rotation
-Nutrients management
-Weed control
-Insect and disease control
-Livestock |
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Term
| List methods of soil conservation that limit either detachment or transport of soil particles: |
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Definition
Limit Detachment:
a. vegetative cover
b. Improve soil organic matter
c. reduce or eliminate tillage
Limit transport:
a. reduce runoff
b. increase infiltration
c. rough surface
d. reduce slope |
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Term
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Definition
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
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Term
Runoff water from a field contains a small amount of decomposable organic matter. That organic matter can be measured with a 5-day BOD test. The dissolved O2 at the beginning of the test is 8 ppm. After 5 days of incubation the dissolved O2 is 1 ppm. What is the 5-day BOD of the runoff water?
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Definition
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Term
Aluminosilicate clays and humus are important sources of cation exchange capacity in soils. Why is soil cation exchange capacity important to both natural and agricultural ecosystems?
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Definition
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Term
Discuss energy use and conservation.
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Definition
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Term
| Contrast active and passive solar heating |
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Definition
| Active solar heating is using solar energy panels to convert sunlight into usable energy and thus power a heater. Passive solar heating is using the sun’s warmth (through windows or on thermal materials) to trap heat energy and thus heat a space through convection. |
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Term
What are the alternatives to using “chemical pesticides”?
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Definition
1. Biological Control
Maintenance of beneficial organisms
Parasites - insect larva
Predators - Lady bugs, birds
Pathogens - Bacillus thuringiensis
Pheromone attractants
Release of Sterile males
Hormones to disrupt life cycle
2. Plant extracts
Pyrethrins, Rotenone
3. Oils and soaps
Petroleum and detergents
4. Integrated pest management (IPM)
Know the biology of the pest!
Crop rotations
Planting and harvesting dates to avoid pests
Biological control
Predator - prey relationships
Introduction of beneficial insects
Scouting for pests, monitoring populations
Limited use of pesticides when necessary
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Term
| A 1000-kg car strikes a brick wall at a velocity of 2 m/s. Calculate the kinetic energy. |
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Definition
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Term
A 1000-kg car is parked at the edge of a 10-m cliff. Calculate the potential energy of the car
(g=9.8m/s2). |
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Definition
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Term
| What do we do about global climate change? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the gases that cause the enhanced greenhouse effect along with their sources and sinks. |
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Definition
A)Carbon Dioxide
sources: Respiration, combustion,
Burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) 5,700 Tg/yr.
sinks: Photosynthesis, soil organic matter,
wetlands, dissolution in the oceans.
B)Methane
sources: Wetlands, rice paddies, ruminant
animals, coal and gas production, burning,
termites, landfills, aquatic systems.
sinks:Reaction with tropospheric OH. Oxidation
by soil microbes.
C)Nitrous Oxide
sources: Microbial N transformations
Denitrification and nitrification are sources of
N2O
Fertilizer N and N fixation
combustion
sinks: Photochemical decomposition in the
stratosphere, denitrifiers.
D) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)
sources:Industrial synthesis, Aerosol spray cans,
foams, solvents, refrigeration
sinks: Photodissociation in the stratosphere |
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